Ngā Tikanga Whakatere Moana Hou
Kua rerekē haere te toi o te whakatere moana mai i ngā rā i whakawhirinaki ai ngā kaiwhakatere ki ngā whetū, ki te rā, me ngā kāpehu māmā hei kimi i tō rātou ara puta noa i ngā moana whānui. I te whanaketanga o te hangarau, kua whanake haere hoki ngā tikanga me ngā taputapu e wātea ana ki ngā kaiwhakatere, ā, kua haumaru ake, kua whai hua ake, kua tika ake hoki te haere moana i mua. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga hou e tautuhi ana i te whakatere moana o nāianei, me te tūhura i te awe o ngā hangarau hou me te whakaurunga o ngā tikanga tuku iho.
1. Pūnaha Tūnga Ao (GPS)
Ko tētahi o ngā whanaketanga nui o te whakatere moana o ēnei rā ko te Pūnaha Tūnga Ao (GPS). Nā te Tari Tiaki o te Hononga o Amerika i whakawhanake, kua hurihia e te GPS ehara i te mea ko te whakatere moana anake engari ko te kawe waka whānui hoki. Mā te whakamahi i tētahi whetū o ngā amiorangi e porowhita ana i te Ao, ka whakaratohia e te GPS ngā mōhiohio tauwāhi tika tae noa ki roto i ētahi mita.
Te Mahi a te GPS
Ko te GPS he whatunga o te 31 ngā amiorangi e huri haere ana i te Ao i te teitei o te 20,200 kiromita. Ka tukuna tonutia e ēnei amiorangi ngā tohu e whiwhihia ana e ngā kaiwhiwhi GPS i runga i ngā kaipuke. Mā te tatau i te wā e haere ai ngā tohu mai i ngā amiorangi ki ngā kaiwhiwhi, ka taea e te taputapu te whakatau i te wāhi tika o te kaipuke. He mea nui tēnei pūnaha mō te whakamahere huarahi, te karo tukinga, me ngā mahi whakaora ohorere.
2. Pūnaha Whakaaturanga me te Mōhiohio Tūtohi Hiko (ECDIS)
Ko te Pūnaha Whakaaturanga me te Mōhiohio Hiko (ECDIS) tētahi atu whanaketanga hangarau nui i roto i te whakatere moana. He āwhina whakatere rorohiko tēnei, e whakauru ana i ngā raraunga GPS me ngā tūtohi whakatere hiko (ENC).
Ngā Painga o te ECDIS
– Te Whakarei Ake i te Mōhiotanga Āhuatanga: Ka whakarato a ECDIS i ngā whakahōutanga wā-tūturu me ngā mōhiohio taipitopito mō te tūranga o te kaipuke, te tere, me te huarahi, ā, ka whakarei ake i te mōhiotanga ā-āhuatanga mō te kapa.
– Te Whakamahere Huarahi: Mā te ECDIS, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakatere te tuhi i ngā huarahi me te tino tika, me te whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga rerekē pēnei i te rangi, ngā tai, me ngā ia.
– Te Whakatutuki i ngā Ture: He maha ngā mana whakahaere e hiahia ana kia whakauruhia ētahi momo kaipuke ki te ECDIS hei whakarite i te haumaru me te tutuki i ngā ture moana o te ao.
3. Pūnaha Tāutuhi Aunoa (AIS)
Ko te Pūnaha Tautuhi Aunoa (AIS) he pūnaha aroturuki e whakamahia ana hei karo i ngā tukinga me te haumaru i te moana. Ka whakapāho aunoa ngā transponder AIS kua tāutahia ki runga i ngā kaipuke i ngā raraunga pēnei i te tuakiri o te kaipuke, tōna tūranga, tōna huarahi, me tōna tere.
Te Mahi me te Whaihuatanga o te AIS
Ka taea e ētahi atu kaipuke me ngā mana whakahaere takutai te whiwhi raraunga AIS, ā, ka whakaratohia he mōhiohio whai hua hei karo i ngā tukinga me te whakahaere i ngā waka moana. Kua whakahaua e te Whakahaere Moana o te Ao (IMO) te whakamahinga o te AIS i runga i ētahi momo kaipuke, ā, kua waiho hei wāhanga nui o te whakatere moana o ēnei rā.
4. Ngā Pūnaha Piriti Whakauru (IBS)
Ka whakakotahihia e ngā Pūnaha Piriti Whakauru (IBS) ngā taputapu me ngā taputapu whakatere maha ki roto i tētahi atanga kotahi, he ngāwari ki te whakahaere. Kei roto i ēnei pūnaha ko te radar, te ECDIS, te AIS, te GPS, me ētahi atu taputapu whakatere nui.
He aha te IBS?
– Whai Huatanga: Ka whakangawaritia e te IBS te tukanga whakatere mā te whakakotahi i te mana whakahaere, ā, ka whakaitihia te tūponotanga o ngā hapa.
– Haumaru: Mā te whakaurunga o ngā pūnaha maha ka whakarei ake i te auautanga, kia taea ai e ētahi atu te whakatika mēnā ka rahua tētahi pūnaha.
– Ngā Atanga Māmā-Kaiwhakamahi: Kua hangaia ngā IBS hou me ngā atanga māmā-kaiwhakamahi, kia māmā ake ai te whakamārama raraunga me te whakatau whai whakaaro mō ngā kaiwhakatere.
5. Te Rātari me te ARPA
Ko te radar te tūāpapa o te whakatere moana, e whakarato ana i ngā mōhiohio nui mō te taiao, inā koa i ngā āhuatanga kino o te tirohanga pēnei i te kohu, te ua nui rānei. He maha ngā wā ka whakauruhia ngā pūnaha radar hou ki ngā Āwhina Whakatakoto Radar Aunoa (ARPA), e whai ana i ētahi atu kaipuke me te whakarato whakaaro mō te karo i ngā tukinga.
Te Hiranga o te Radar me te ARPA
– Te Kitenga Ahanoa: Ka taea e te radar te kite i ētahi atu kaipuke, whenua, me ngā tūponotanga whakatere pēnei i ngā maunga hukapapa.
– Te Ārai i ngā Tukinga: Ka aroturuki aunoa ngā pūnaha ARPA i ngā ara o ētahi atu kaipuke, ā, ka āwhina i te ārai i ngā tukinga mā te tuku i ngā whakatūpato wā tika me te whakaaturanga raraunga.
6. Ngā Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Amiorangi
He mea nui te mahi whakawhitiwhiti kōrero a te amiorangi i roto i te whakatere moana o ēnei rā, e whakarato ana i ngā hongere whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pono mō ngā mahi whakahaere me ngā mahi haumaru.
Ngā Taupānga i roto i te Whakatere
– Ngā Whakahōutanga Huarere: Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakatere te whiwhi whakahōutanga huarere i te wā tonu, hei āwhina i a rātou ki te whakatau kaupapa whakatere whai whakaaro.
– Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Āwhata: Mēnā he āhuatanga ohorere, ka whakarite ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero amiorangi ka taea e ngā kaipuke te tuku tohu āwhata me te mahi tahi me ngā ratonga whakaora.
7. Ngā Pūnaha Whakatere Ā-Inertia (INS)
Ka whakaratohia e ngā Pūnaha Whakatere Ā-Inertia (INS) ngā āheinga whakatere motuhake mai i ngā tohu o waho. Ka whakamahia e ēnei pūnaha ngā ine tere me ngā ine wiri hei aroturuki i te tūranga, te aronga, me te tere o te kaipuke.
Ngā Painga o te INS
– Te Mana Motuhake o te Tohu: Nā te mea kāore te INS e whakawhirinaki ki ngā tohu o waho, ka ārai i te aukati me te pokanoa, ā, he tino pono.
– Whakamahinga Tāpiri: He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te INS me te GPS hei whakarei ake i te tika, inā koa i ngā wāhi kāore pea ngā tohu GPS e ngoikore, e kore rānei e wātea.
8. LIDAR me te SONAR
Kua piki haere te hiranga o te LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) me te SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging) i roto i ngā mahi whakatere moana o ēnei rā. Ka whakamahia e ēnei pūnaha ngā ngaru mārama me ngā ngaru oro hei kimi i ngā tūponotanga o raro i te wai, hei mahere hoki i te papa moana.
Whakamahia Nga Take
– Ngā Aromatawai Wai: Ka whakamahia a LIDAR me SONAR hei whakahaere i ngā aromatawai wai taipitopito, he mea nui hoki mō te whakahou i ngā tūtohi moana me te whakarite kia haumaru te haere.
– Te Kite i ngā Arai: Ka taea e ēnei pūnaha te kite i ngā arai i raro i te wai pērā i ngā toka me ngā kaipuke kua pakaru, ā, ka āwhina i te ārai i te taunga me ngā tukinga.
9. Ngā Whakaaroaro Taiao
Kei roto hoki i ngā tikanga whakatere moana hou ngā whakaaro taiao, mā te whakamahi i ngā rauropi matatau me ngā tātari raraunga hei whakaiti i te pānga ki te taiao.
Whakaterenga Taiao-Hoa
– Te Arotautanga o te Huarahi: Mā te arotautanga o ngā huarahi mō te whai huatanga o te wahie, ka taea e ngā kaipuke te whakaiti i ō rātou tapuwae waro.
– Te Ara Huarere: Ka taea e te pūmanawa whakatere te taunaki i ngā huarahi hei karo i ngā āhuatanga huarere kino me ngā moana nui, hei whakaiti i te whakapaunga wahie, hei whakarite hoki i ngā haerenga haumaru ake.
Opaniraa
Ko te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga whakatere moana he tohu i te auahatanga o te tangata me te whai tonu i te haumaru, te whai huatanga, me te tika. Nā te whakaurunga o ngā hangarau matatau pēnei i te GPS, ECDIS, AIS, me te INS me ngā tikanga tuku iho kua huri te whakatere moana. I te haere tonu o te whanaketanga o te hangarau, ko te heke mai o te whakatere moana e oati ana i ngā auahatanga nui ake, e hanga ana i te moana hei rohe haumaru ake, hei rohe whakatere hoki mō te hunga katoa e whakawhiti ana i ōna wai.
