Te Wā Māramatanga o Ūropi me ōna Tino Tangata Matua
Ko te Wā Māramatanga o Ūropi, mai i te mutunga o te rautau 17 ki te tīmatanga o te rautau 19, he wā nui whakaharahara o te hihiri hinengaro me te panonitanga ahurea. I puta mai ngā whakaaro hou i whakanui i te whakaaro nui, te takitahi, me te rangahau pūtaiao, ā, i whakatakoto i te turanga mō te ao o te Hauāuru hou. I whai tēnei kaupapa hinengaro ki te wero i te mana tuku iho me ngā whakapono, me te whakamana i ngā tāngata takitahi mā te mātauranga me te tautoko i ngā whakahoutanga ka hanga i te hapori o nāianei. Ko te hunga matua o tēnei wā he maha ngā tino tangata i whai whakaaro me ā rātou mahi hei whakatairanga i ngā mātāpono o te Wā Māramatanga.
Horopaki Huarahi
Kāore i puta noa mai te Wā Māramatanga o Ūropi. I ngā rautau o mua atu, i kitea ngā huringa nui, pērā i te Whakahoutanga Porotetani, i wero i te mana o te Hāhi Katorika Romana, ā, i tono kia mana motuhake te whakapono me te matatika. I taua wā anō, i hurihia e te Huringa Pūtaiao o te rautau 16 me te 17 te māramatanga o te tangata ki te ao tūroa mā roto i ngā rangahau me ngā kitenga a ngā tāngata pēnei i a Galileo Galilei rāua ko Isaac Newton. I te taha o ēnei nekehanga, i whakaatuhia te mātauranga me te mātauranga hei taputapu mō te ahunga whakamua, hei whakatakoto i te tūāpapa mō te Wā Māramatanga.
Hoani Raka (1632–1704)
He tohunga whakaaro me te rata Ingarihi a John Locke, e kiia ana ko te "Matua o te Rīperaretanga." Ko ngā mahi nui a Locke, tae atu ki "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" (1690) me "Two Treatises of Government" (1689), i tautohe ko te mātauranga tangata e ahu mai ana i ngā wheako ā-kanohi, ā, he mana tūturu tō te tangata ki te ora, ki te herekore, me te taonga. Ko āna ariā mō te kirimana pāpori me te kāwanatanga mā te whakaae i tino awe i te whanaketanga o te kāwanatanga manapori me te Ture o te Hononga o Amerika.
Voltaire (1694–1778)
Ko François-Marie Arouet, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko Voltaire tōna ingoa tuhituhi, he kaituhi, he kaituhi hītori, he tohunga whakaaro Wīwī, nā tōna mōhio me tana tautoko i ngā mana motuhake ā-iwi i waiho ia hei pou matua o te Wā Māramatanga. I tautoko a Voltaire i te mana kōrero, te wehenga o te hāhi me te kāwanatanga, ā, i whakahē i te mana ariki Wīwī me te Hāhi Katorika mā roto i āna mahi maha, tae atu ki te pukapuka whakakatakata "Candide" (1759). I pārekareka tana tiaki tonu i ngā mana takitahi me tana whakahē i te tukino ā-ture puta noa i Ūropi, ā, i waiho ia hei tohu mō te kaupapa o te Wā Māramatanga.
Montesquieu (1689–1755)
I roto i tana pukapuka "The Spirit of the Laws" (1748), i whakapuakina e tētahi atu tohunga whakaaro Wīwī whai mana, e Charles-Louis de Secondat, a Baron de Montesquieu, te ariā o te wehenga o ngā mana. I tautohe a Montesquieu mā te wehewehe i te mana kāwanatanga kia wehea ki ngā peka motuhake—te mana ture, te mana whakahaere, me te mana whakawā—ka ārai i tētahi rōpū ki te whiwhi mana tino mana, me te tiaki anō hoki i ngā herekoretanga o ngā tāngata whenua. I noho tēnei ariā hei kaupapa matua i roto i te hoahoa o ngā whenua manapori o ēnei rā, ā, i whai pānga nui ki te Ture o te Hononga o Amerika.
Imanuera Kant (1724–1804)
He nui te pānga o ngā whakaaro o tētahi tohunga whakaaro Tiamana, a Immanuel Kant, ki ngā matatika, ki ngā tikanga matatika. I roto i tana tuhinga "He aha te Māramatanga?" (1784), i rongonui a Kant ki te kī, "Sapere aude" ("Maia ki te mōhio"), e whakamārama ana i te kaupapa o te Māramatanga mō te pātai me te maia hinengaro. Ko tana rapunga whakaaro arohaehae, i whakamāramahia i roto i te "Critique of Pure Reason" (1781), e whakanui ana ko te whakaaro te pūtake o te matatika, ā, he mea nui te mana motuhake me te whakaaro tika ki te mana o te tangata.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)
He tohunga whakaaro, he kaituhi hoki nō Huiterangi, i tuku a Jean-Jacques Rousseau i tētahi tirohanga rerekē mō te hapori tangata me tōna whanaketanga. I tūhuratia e āna mahi "Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men" (1755) me "The Social Contract" (1762) te pai o te tangata i whakakinotia e te hapori tangata. I tautohe a Rousseau me ahu mai tētahi kāwanatanga tika i te hiahia whānui o tōna iwi, me te whakatairanga i tētahi momo manapori tika e whai wāhi kaha ai ngā tāngata ki ngā whakataunga tōrangapū. He whai mana ōna whakaaro ki ngā pūtake whakaaro o te Huringa Wīwī.
Rawiri Hume (1711–1776)
He tohunga whakaaro, he kaituhi hītori, he kaituhi tuhinga hoki nō Kōtirana, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana a David Hume mō tana whakahē me tana whakaaro ki ngā mea e kitea ana i roto i ngā wheako. Ko ana mahi i roto i te pukapuka "A Treatise of Human Nature" (1739–40) me te "Inquiries concerning Human Understanding" (1748). I tautohe a Hume ko te mātauranga tangata e ahu mai ana i ngā wheako ā-kanohi, ā, i whakahē i te pono o ngā whakaakoranga whakapono, ngā matatika tuku iho, me te ariā o te takenga mai o ngā mea. Ko tana huarahi arohaehae ki te mārama ki te āhua me te mātauranga o te tangata i waiho he pānga roa ki te rapunga whakaaro me te tikanga pūtaiao.
Denis Diderot (1713–1784)
Ko Denis Diderot te ētita o tētahi o ngā mahi nui rawa atu o te Wā Māramatanga, te "Encyclopédie," he tohunga whakaaro Wīwī, he kairīti toi, he kaituhi hoki. Ko te "Encyclopédie" (1751–72), e 28 ngā pukapuka, i arotahi ki te kohikohi i ngā mātauranga tangata katoa me te hora i ngā kaupapa o te Wā Māramatanga puta noa i Ūropi. Nā ngā mahi a Diderot ki te whakatairanga i te mātauranga o te ao, te herekore hinengaro, me te rangahau pūtaiao i hanga te "Encyclopédie" hei pou tokomanawa o te whakaaro o te Wā Māramatanga, hei whakatairanga i te ahunga whakamua hinengaro me te pāpori.
Te Taonga Tuku Iho o te Māramatanga
Ko te aro nui o te Wā Māramatanga ki te whakaaro nui, te rangahau pūtaiao, me te whakaute i ngā tika me ngā herekoretanga takitahi i werohia ai ngā hapori Pākehā, ā, i te mutunga ka huri. I whakaohokia e ia ngā hurihanga maha, tae atu ki te Huringa o Amerika (1775–1783) me te Huringa Wīwī (1789–1799), i whai kia turaki i ngā rangatira nanakia me te whakatinana i te kāwanatanga manapori.
I tua atu, nā te Wā Māramatanga i whakatakoto te tūāpapa mō te whanaketanga o ngā pūnaha tōrangapū, ōhanga, me te mātauranga o ēnei rā. Kei te awe tonu ōna mātāpono i ngā whakaaro o nāianei mō ngā tika tangata, te whakapono kore whakapono, me te tūranga o te kāwanatanga ki te whakarite i te oranga o ōna tāngata whenua.
Opaniraa
He wā kaha, he wā whakarerekētanga hoki te Wā Māramatanga o Ūropi, i huri ai te ao o te Hauāuru, i whakakīia ki ngā uara o te whakaaro nui, te herekore, me te ahunga whakamua. Ko ngā takoha a ngā tino tangata pēnei i a John Locke, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Immanuel Kant, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, me Denis Diderot he mea nui ki te whakatairanga i ēnei whakaaro. I whai wāhi ā rātou mahi tahi ki te oho ake o te hinengaro e pārekareka tonu ana i roto i te ao o ēnei rā, e whakaatu ana i te hiranga tonu o te Wā Māramatanga ki te whakatairanga i tētahi hapori tika, mātau, me te herekore.
