Te Pakanga a Mahatma Gandhi mō te Mana Motuhake o Īnia
Ko Mahatma Gandhi, e karangatia ana ko te Matua o te Motu i Inia, tētahi o ngā tino tangata whai mana i roto i te hītori o te ātete kore tutu me ngā tika tangata o te ao. Ko tana mahi i roto i tōna oranga mō te mana motuhake o Inia i te mana o Peretānia me tana kaupapa o 'Satyagraha'—he kupu i hangaia e Gandhi ko te tikanga "mana pono" "mana wairua" rānei—i waihanga i tētahi mahere mō ngā nekehanga huri noa i te ao. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga te pakanga roa me te uaua a Gandhi mō te mana motuhake o Inia, e whakaata ana i ana mātāpono, rautaki, me ana tohu nui.
Te Oranga Tōmua me te Haerenga o Awherika ki te Tonga
I whānau mai a Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi i te 2 o Oketopa, 1869, i Porbandar, he tāone takutai moana i Gujarat o Īnia i ēnei rā. I awehia tōna oranga tamariki e tōna whaea whakapono nui me te āhuarangi ahurea kanorau o tōna whenua tupu. Whai muri i tana whakangungu ture poto i Rānana, ka neke a Gandhi ki Āwherika ki te Tonga i te tau 1893 ki te mahi hei rōia. I Āwherika ki te Tonga i tuatahi ai ia ki te pāngia e te whakahāwea iwi kino, ā, i tino pā ki a ia, i whakaoho hoki i tana pakanga ki te hē.
Te Whānautanga o Satyagraha i Āwherika ki te Tonga
I roto i ana tau 21 i Āwherika ki te Tonga, i tīmata a Gandhi i te ariā o Satyagraha. I whakarite ia i te hapori Īniana hei whakahē i ngā ture me ngā kaupapa here whakahāwea i roto i ngā huarahi tutu. Nā te angitu o ēnei nekehanga i Āwherika ki te Tonga i whakatakoto te tūāpapa mō āna mahi i muri mai i Īnia. I raro i tana kaiārahi, i ātete te iwi Īniana i ngā mahi tukino, pērā i te ture rēhita i hiahiatia ai kia mauria e ngā Īniana katoa, tae atu ki ngā tamariki, he uruwhenua tuakiri.
Te Hokinga ki Īnia me ngā Nekehanga o Mua
I hoki a Gandhi ki Īnia i te tau 1915, i te 45 o ōna tau. I pau ōna tau tuatahi ki te haereere puta noa i te motu, ki te mārama ki te māramatanga o te taiwhenua o Īnia, me te hono atu ki ngā tāngata whenua o Īnia. I te tau 1917, kua uru kē a Gandhi ki ngā kaupapa Champaran me Kheda, i reira i tautoko ai ia i ngā kaimahi pāmu indigo ki ngā kaupapa here whenua tukino a Peretānia. He mea nui ēnei kaupapa ki te whakatū i a Gandhi hei kaiārahi ā-motu hei māngai mō te iwi whānui.
Te Kaupapa Kore-Whakakotahi
Ko te Kohuru i Jallianwala Bagh i te tau 1919, i reira i patua ai e ngā hōia o Peretānia ngā rau o ngā tāngata whenua Inia kāore i mau patu, ka huri hei wā hurihanga mō Gandhi me te kaupapa mana motuhake o Inia. I karanga ia mō tētahi Kaupapa Kore-Mahi ā-motu i te tau 1920, me te akiaki i ngā Inia kia kaua e whakamahi i ngā taonga, ngā umanga, me ngā honore o Peretānia. Ko te whāinga o tēnei kaupapa he whakararu i te whakahaerenga o Peretānia i te taha ōhanga me te taha matatika. Ahakoa tōna angitu tuatahi, i whakamutua e Gandhi i te tau 1922 whai muri i ngā pakanga tutu i Chauri Chaura, e hangai ana ki tana kaupapa o te kore-tutu.
Te Whakakeke ā-Iwi me te Hīkoi Tote
I te tau 1930, ka whakarewahia e Gandhi te Kaupapa Whakahē ā-Iwi, me te tango i tētahi hikoi māia me te Hīkoi Tote (Hīkoi Dandi). Nā ngā ture o Peretānia i whakatakoto he taake tote nui, he nui te pānga ki te hunga rawakore. I hikoi a Gandhi me āna akonga e 78 mō te 240 maero mai i te Sabarmati Ashram ki te kāinga takutai o Dandi, e whakaputa ana i te tote mai i te wai moana hei whakahē i te ture o Peretānia. Nā tēnei mahi whakahē ā-iwi i whakaoho te miriona tāngata, ā, i tohu i te tīmatanga o te mutunga o te mana o Peretānia i Īnia.
Te Mauherehere me ngā Whiriwhiringa
I roto i tana pakanga, he maha ngā mauheretanga i pā ki a Gandhi, ā, nā tēnā i whakanui ake i tōna mana me te whānuitanga o te kaupapa. Ahakoa ngā arai, i whai wāhi a Gandhi ki ētahi whiriwhiringa me ngā mana whakahaere o Peretānia, pērā i ngā Huihuinga Tēpu Porowhita. Ahakoa kāore i arahi tika ēnei whiriwhiringa ki te mana motuhake, he mea nui ki te whakaara ake i te tirohanga ā-ao o ngā tono a Īnia me te whakarite i te anga mō ngā mahi ā muri ake nei.
Te Kaupapa Whakamutu i Īnia
I tino whakararuraru te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao i ngā rauemi o Peretānia, ā, ka hopukina e Gandhi tēnei wā ngoikore. I te tau 1942, i tīmatahia e ia te kaupapa Quit India me te karanga nui "Me Mate, Me Mahi." I tono tēnei kaupapa kia mutu tonu te mana whakahaere o Peretānia. He nanakia te urupare a Peretānia, ā, i arahina atu ki te mauherehere nui, tae atu ki a Gandhi. Heoi, i pumau tonu te whakatau a te taupori Īnia mō te mana motuhake.
Ngā Mātāpono a Gandhi mō te Kore-Tukino me te Whakārotahi Whakapono
Ko te kaupapa matua o te rapunga whakaaro a Gandhi ko te ariā o te 'Ahimsa', arā, te kore-tūkino. I whakapono ia ka taea e te ātete kore-tūkino te huri i te kaitukino me te kawe mai i ngā huringa hapori me te kore whakaheke toto. Ko tētahi atu pou ko tana aroha nui ki te rangimarie whakapono. I ngā tau pōuri i mua i te wehewehenga, i mahi tonu a Gandhi ki te whakamama i ngā raruraru Hindu-Muslim, tae noa ki te nohopuku tae noa ki te mate hei ārai i te tutu ā-iwi.
Te Ara ki te Mana Motuhake me te Wehewehenga
I tutuki te hua o ngā mahi uaua a Gandhi me te mahi tōrangapū a te Indian National Congress i te 15 o Ākuhata, 1947, i te wā i whiwhi mana motuhake ai a Īnia. Heoi, i pōrearea tēnei wikitoria nui e te wehewehenga o Īnia me Pakitāne, ā, i hua ake ai te tutu nui me te nekehanga o te iwi. I tino mamae a Gandhi i te wehewehenga me te pōuri i puta mai i a ia, me te whakaaro he rerekētanga tēnei i tana tirohanga mō te kotahitanga me te rangimārie o Īnia.
Te tuku iho me te Awe
Kāore i te mea ko te pakanga a Mahatma Gandhi anake i kawe mai i te herekoretanga ki Īnia, engari i whakaohooho hoki i ngā kaupapa ā-ao mō ngā tika tangata me te herekoretanga. Kua whakahuatia a Gandhi e ngā tāngata pēnei i a Martin Luther King Jr., Nelson Mandela, me te Dalai Lama hei awe nui ki ā rātou rapunga whakaaro me ā rātou rautaki. Kei te whai tikanga tonu te whakapau kaha a Gandhi ki te tika pāpori, te oranga whaiaro ā-ōhanga mā tana tautoko i te Khadi (kakahu whatu-ā-ringa), me tana aro nui ki ngā kaupapa ā-iwi.
Opaniraa
Ehara i te mea he pakanga tōrangapū noa iho te pakanga a Mahatma Gandhi mō te mana motuhake o Īnia, engari he pakanga hohonu mō te taha matatika me te taha pāpori. Nā tōna whakapau kaha ki te kore tutu me te pono, ahakoa ngā patunga tapu nui a ia, i huri ia hei tohu pumau mō te ātete rangimārie. Tae noa ki tēnei rā, kei te whakaaweawe tonu ngā mātāpono me ngā tikanga a Gandhi me te ārahi i ngā kaupapa e whai ana mō te tika pāpori me te herekore puta noa i te ao. Ko tana taonga tuku iho he tohu mō te mana o te wairua tangata me te rapu pumau mō te herekore me te tika.
