Hītori Katoa o te Whare Ariki Ottoman
Ko te Whare Ariki o Ottoman, e mōhiotia ana ko te Whare o Ōsman, tētahi o ngā whare ariki tino whakamiharo, tino roa hoki o te hītori. I ahu mai i te mutunga o te rautau 13 tae noa ki te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, ā, he tūranga nui tōna i roto i ngā ao tōrangapū, ahurea, me te ōhanga o Ūropi me Āhia. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga te hītori whānui o te Whare Ariki o Ottoman, me te whai i ōna pūtake, tōna pikinga ki te mana, tōna tihi, me tōna hekenga i te mutunga.
Ngā Takenga Mai me te Tūāpapa
I whakatūria te Emepaea Ottoman e Osman I i te tau 1299. I ahu mai te ingoa o te whare rangatira i a Osman I (ko Othman anō hoki te ingoa), te rangatira o ngā iwi Turkish i Anatolia. I whānau a Osman i te tau 1258, ā, i whakamahia e ia te hinganga o te Seljuk Sultanate o Rum me te ngoikore o te mana o Byzantine ki te rohe. Nāna te kaiārahi me te ahunga whakamua o te ope taua i whakarato i te turanga pakari mō te mea ka huri hei emepaea kaha.
Te Whanuitanga o Mua
I raro i te kaiārahi o Ōsman I, ka tīmata te whānui o te rangatiratanga Ottoman, ka raupatu i ngā rohe mai i te Emepaea Byzantine. Nā ōna uri i whakakapi, inā koa ko Orhan (te tama a Ōsman), i haere tonu tēnei whānui. I horo a Bursa i a Orhan i te tau 1326, ā, koia te tāone nui tuatahi o Ottoman, ā, i whakatūria hei tāone matua tuatahi mō te emepaea. I tēnei wā anō hoki i whakawhanakehia e ngā Ottoman tētahi pūnaha whakahaere me te hōia kua āta whakaritea, he mea nui tēnei mō tō rātou whānui ā muri ake nei.
Te Raupatu o Constantinople
Ko tētahi o ngā wā tino hira i roto i te hītori o te Whare Ariki Ottoman ko te raupatu o Constantinople i te tau 1453 e Sultan Mehmed II, e mōhiotia ana ko Mehmed the Conqueror. Nā ngā rautaki hōia a Mehmed me tana whakamahinga pū i hinga ngā taiepa o Constantinople kua rautau te pakeke, ā, koinei te mutunga o te Emepaea Byzantine. Nā te hinganga o te tāone, ehara i te mea ko te tāone matua nui me te tohu anake mō ngā Ottoman, engari ko te tīmatanga anō hoki o tētahi wā hou o te mana o Ottoman. Ko Istanbul, te ingoa i whakaingoatia ai, i noho hei pokapū ahurea me te ōhanga e tupu ana, e hono ana i a Ūropi me Āhia.
Te Wā Koura: Ko Süleyman te Whakahirahira
I te wā o te kingitanga o Süleyman the Magnificent (1520-1566) i eke te Emepaea Ottoman ki tōna taumata teitei. I whakawhānui a Süleyman i ngā rohe o te emepaea ki roto rawa i a Ūropi, Āwherika ki te Raki, me te Waenganui Rawhiti. Nā āna pakanga hōia i kawe mai ngā rohe pēnei i a Hanekari, ētahi wāhanga o Austria, me ngā wāhanga nui o te Moana-a-Kiwa o Pāhia ki raro i te mana o ngā Ottoman.
He kaiwhakatakoto ture rongonui anō hoki a Süleyman; nā āna whakarerekētanga ture me te whakawhanaketanga o tētahi pūnaha ture paerewa i whiwhi ai ia i tōna ingoa rangatira. Hei tāpiri, nā tana tautoko i ngā toi i tupu ai te ahurea, te hoahoanga, te tuhituhi, me te pūtaiao. Ko ngā whakamaharatanga rongonui, pērā i te Mosque o Süleymaniye, he tohu mō tēnei wā o te whai rawa me te hiranga ahurea.
Te Whakahekenga me ngā Wero
Ko te nuinga o te wā, ko te hinganga o te Emepaea Ottoman e kīia ana nā te whakakotahitanga o ngā pakanga ā-roto, ngā pēhanga o waho, me ngā whakahoutanga kore angitu. I muri i a Süleyman, i pāngia te emepaea e ngā wero nui, tae atu ki:
1. Te Pūmaukore o te Tōrangapū: Kāore i rite ngā āhuatanga kaiārahi o ngā sultan o muri mai ki ō rātou mua, ā, ka ara ake ngā pakanga mana ā-roto me te kāwanatanga pirau.
2. Ngā Raru Ōhanga: Nā te whānui haere o te emepaea i uaua ai te whakahaere, ā, nā ngā kaupapa here ōhanga tawhito, me te whakakorenga o ngā huarahi hokohoko, i ngoikore ai tōna ōhanga.
3. Ngā Hinganga Hoia: He maha ngā wero hoia i pā ki te emepaea, inā koa te hinganga o te Whakapaenga o Vienna i te tau 1683 me ngā hinganga i roto i ngā pakanga ki ngā mana Pākehā, i memeha haere ai te mana o Ottoman.
4. Te Pirau o te Whakahaere: Ka tīmata te hinga o te pūnaha whakahaere i whai hua i mua. Ko ngā Janissaries, he rōpū hōia rangatira, ka pirau, ka whai mana tōrangapū, ā, ka whakararuraru ake i te emepaea.
Ngā Whakahoutanga Tanzimat me ngā Ngana Whakahou
I te rautau 19, i ngana te Emepaea Ottoman ki te whakahou me te whakahou i te wā o Tanzimat (1839-1876), i tīmatahia e Sultan Mahmud II, ā, i haere tonu i muri i a ia. Ko te whāinga o ēnei whakahounga he whakahou i ngā pūnaha whakahaere, hōia, me te ōhanga hei whakapakari i te emepaea me te ātete i te whakaekenga a te Pākehā. Ko ētahi o ngā whakahounga rongonui ko:
– Te Whakahoutanga o te Ope Taua: Te whakapai ake i ngā whakangungu hōia me ngā hanganga kia whakataetae ai ki ngā ope taua o Ūropi.
– Te Whakahoutanga Whakahaere: Te whakatikatika i te pūnaha kāwanatanga me te whakaiti i te pirau.
– Ngā Whakahoutanga Ōhanga: Te whakahou i ngā pūnaha taake me te whakatenatena i te ahumahi.
Ahakoa ēnei mahi, i kaha te emepaea ki te whai i te tere o te whanaketanga ahumahi me te huringa tōrangapū o Ūropi.
Te Huringa Taiohi me te Mana Arikitanga Ture
I te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, ka ara ake te mana o te Young Turks, he kaupapa whakahou, me te tautoko i te whakahounga me te whakatūnga o te mana kingi ā-ture. Nā te Huringa Young Turk i te tau 1908 i whakahoki mai te ture, ā, i whakawhāiti i ngā mana tino o te sultan, ā, ka arahina atu ki te Wā Ture Tuarua. Heoi, ko te wehewehenga tōrangapū, ngā tūmomo riri o waho, me te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao i raru nui ai ēnei whakahounga.
Te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao me te Whakakorenga o te Emepaea
Ko te whai wāhi atu o te Emepaea Ottoman ki te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao he wā nui i roto i tōna hinganga. I te tautoko i ngā Mana Waenga, i pāngia ngā Ottoman e ngā hinganga nui, ā, i ngaro hoki ngā rohe nui. Nā te pakanga i muri mai, me ngā nekehanga ā-iwi i roto i ōna rohe, i pakaru ai te emepaea.
Ko te whiu whakamutunga i puta mai i te Tiriti o Sèvres i te tau 1920, i wehewehe i te nuinga o te rohe Ottoman i waenga i ngā mana Hoa. Ko te Pakanga Motuhake o Turkey i muri mai (1919-1923), i arahina e Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, i mutu ki te whakakorenga o te Ottoman Sultanate i te tau 1922. Koinei te mutunga o te Whare Ariki Ottoman me te whakatūnga o te Republic of Turkey i te tau 1923.
Taonga Tuku Iho me te Whakamutunga
He hohonu, he uaua hoki te taonga tuku iho o te Whare Ariki Ottoman. Neke atu i te ono rautau, i hangaia e ia ngā whenua tōrangapū, ahurea, me te ōhanga o tētahi rohe whānui, ā, i waiho he tohu e kore e warewaretia i roto i te hītori. Mai i ngā mea whakamiharo o Istanbul ki ngā takoha ahurea i roto i te toi, te puoro, me te tuhinga, kei te mau tonu te awe o ngā Ottoman.
He whakamahara kaha anō hoki te hītori o te whare rangatira mō ngā rerekētanga o te mana, ngā wero o te kāwanatanga, me ngā pānga o te ao hou. Ehara i te mea he hītori noa iho o te raupatu me te hinganga te kōrero mō te Whare Ariki Ottoman, engari he tohu hoki i te kaha pumau o tētahi iwi ki te urutau me te whanake i roto i ngā tau.
