Kōrero Whānui mō te Pakanga Matao
Ko te Pakanga Matao, he wā pumau, he wā nui hoki i roto i te hītori o ēnei rā, i roa mai i te tau 1947 ki te tau 1991 pea. I kitea tēnei i te kaha o te taupatupatu whenua, ngā pakanga whakaaro, me te whakataetae patu i waenganui i ngā mana nui e rua: te Hononga o Amerika (USA) me te Uniana o ngā Rīpapika Hapori o Soviet (USSR). Ahakoa kāore he pakanga hōia tika i waenganui i ngā mana nui i tēnei wā, i kitea he maha ngā pakanga whakakapi, he ngangau tōrangapū, me te riri tonu o te pakanga karihi.
Ngā Pūtake o te Pakanga Matao
Ko ngā pūtake o te Pakanga Matao ka taea te whai i muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao. Ko te hononga i waenganui i te USA, te USSR, me ētahi atu mana Hoa i te wā pakanga he whakaritenga mahi nui hei hinga i a Nazi Germany me Imperial Japan. Heoi, ko ngā rerekētanga whakaaro, inā koa i waenganui i te USA capitalist me te USSR communist, he tino kaha, he kore e taea te whakatau. I whakaatuhia ēnei rerekētanga e ngā Huihuinga Yalta me Potsdam i te tau 1945, ā, i whakatakoto i te tūāpapa mō ngā whakahē i muri i te pakanga. Ko te whakakahore a te USSR ki te tuku pōtitanga kore utu i roto i a Ūropi ki te Rawhiti me āna kaupapa here whakawhānui i mataku ai te USA me ōna hoa o te Hauāuru. I te tau 1947, kua whakapakeke te whakapae tahi ki te pakanga nui ake, i tohuhia e ngā kaupapa pēnei i te Truman Doctrine me te Marshall Plan, i hangaia hei aukati i te awe o Soviet i roto i a Ūropi.
Te Pakanga Whakaaro
Ko te Pakanga Matao he pakanga whakaaro i waenganui i te pūnaha tāpua me te kōmiuniti. I tautoko te USA i tētahi tauira kāwanatanga me te whai wāhi ōhanga manapori, e aro ana ki te mākete, i te wā i whakatairangahia ai e te USSR tētahi pūnaha i tohuhia mō te mana whakahaere a te kāwanatanga, te whakamahere pokapū, me te hanganga tōrangapū kotahi-rōpū. He wāhi nui tā te whakatairanga i roto i tēnei pakanga. I whai ngā taha e rua ki te whakaatu i te whakaaro o tētahi atu he mea kore e taea te mahi me te pirau morare, me te whakakotahi i ngā hoa o te ao ki ā rātou kaupapa. I wehewehea a Ūropi e te "Ārai Rino" i roto i te kupu whakarite me te tinana, me ngā iwi o te Hauāuru e hono ana ki te USA me ngā poraka Rawhiti e hinga ana i raro i te mana o Soviet.
Ngā Wāhanga Matua me ngā Takahanga
I roto i te Pakanga Matao he maha ngā wāhanga me ngā huihuinga matua i whakapiki, i whakaiti rānei i ngā taupatupatu i waenganui i ngā whenua nunui.
1. Te Ārai i Berlin me te Whakahekenga Rererangi (1948-49): Ko tētahi o ngā raruraru nui tuatahi o te Pakanga Matao, ko te aukati a te Rūhia ki te Hauāuru o Berlin i whai kia aukati i te urunga atu o ngā Hoa ki te tāone. Hei whakautu, i whakarite te USA me ōna hoa whenua i tētahi tukunga rererangi nui hei whakarato ki te Hauāuru o Berlin, me te angitu ki te ārai i ngā mahi a te Rūhia, me te whakanui ake i ngā pakanga.
2. Te Pakanga Kōrea (1950-53): I whakaatu tēnei pakanga i te āhua o te Pakanga Matao ki te puta hei pakanga whakakapi. I whakaekea a Kōrea ki te Tonga e Kōrea ki te Raki, i tautokona e te USSR me Haina, i tautokona e te USA me ētahi atu iwi o te Hauāuru. I mutu te pakanga i roto i te koretake, i whakakaha ake ai te wehewehenga o Kōrea, ā, i kaha ake ai te Pakanga Matao.
3. Te Raruraru o ngā Peretā o Cuba (1962): Koinei pea te wā tino mōrearea o te Pakanga Matao, i puta ake tēnei pakanga i te kitenga o ngā peretā o Amerika i ngā peretā o Soviet i Cuba. Whai muri i ngā whiriwhiringa taumaha me te aukati i te moana, i whakaae te USSR ki te whakakore i ngā peretā hei utu mō te oati a te USA kia kaua e whakaekea a Cuba me te tango puku i ngā peretā o Amerika mai i Turkey.
4. Te Pakanga o Vietnam (1955-75): Tētahi atu pakanga whakakapi nui, i reira te pakanga a te ope komunista o Vietnam ki te Raki, i tautokona e te USSR me Haina, ki te Tonga o Vietnam me tōna hoa matua, te USA. I mutu te pakanga i te wehenga atu o ngā hōia o Amerika me te whakakotahitanga o Vietnam i raro i te mana komunista, he tohu i tētahi panoni nui i roto i ngā mahi o te Pakanga Matao.
5. Te Reihi Ātea me te Reihi Pū: Nā te Pakanga Matao i whakaoho te whakataetae i roto i ngā whanaketanga hangarau me te pūtaiao. Nā te whakarewatanga o te amiorangi Sputnik o te Rōpū Hōia i te tau 1957 i whakaohooho ngā mahi a Amerika, ā, i arahina atu ai ki te taunga ki te marama i te tau 1969. I te wā kotahi, i uru ngā whenua nunui e rua ki te reihi pū, me te kohikohi i ngā patu karihi maha, he mea hei ārai, hei riri huna hoki.
Te Whakaiti me ōna Wero
I te mutunga o ngā tau 1960 me 1970, i kitea he wāhanga o te whakangā, he rewa o ngā taupatupatu o te Pakanga Matao i whakaatuhia e ngā tiriti pērā i ngā Kōrero Whakawhāiti Pū Rautaki (SALT) me ngā Whakaaetanga o Helsinki. Ko te whāinga o ēnei mahi he whakaiti i te mōrearea o te pakanga me te whakahaere i te whakataetae pū. Heoi, i pāngia te whakangā e ngā wero mai i ngā pēhanga o roto me waho. Ko te whakaekenga a te Rūhia ki Afghanistan i te tau 1979 te mutunga o tēnei whakangā, i te mea i kitea e te USA he ngana ki te whakawhānui i te awe o te Rūhia ki tētahi rohe rautaki nui.
Te mutunga o te Pakanga Matao
I te mutunga o te Pakanga Matao i puta mai i te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1980 me te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1990. Ko ngā kaupapa here a Mikhail Gorbachev, arā, ko Glasnost (tuwheratanga) me Perestroika (hanganga) i aro ki te whakahou i te pūnaha Soviet. Nā ēnei kaupapa here i ngoikore ai te mana o te rōpū komunista, ā, ka arahina atu ki tētahi raupapa o ngā nekehanga hurihuri puta noa i Ūropi ki te Rawhiti. Ko te hinganga o te Taiepa Berlin i te tau 1989 i tohu i te pakaru o te Ārai Rino. I te tau 1991, ka memeha te USSR, ka tohu i te mutunga o te Pakanga Matao me te putanga mai o te USA hei mana nui o te ao.
Taonga tuku iho me te Paanga
I waiho e te Pakanga Matao he tohu pumau ki ngā whanaungatanga o te ao, i hanga i ngā hanganga whenua-tōrangapū o nāianei. Kei roto i tōna taonga tuku iho ko te whakatūnga o ngā hononga hōia pērā i a NATO me te Warsaw Pact, te horapa o ngā whakaaetanga whakahaere patu karihi, me te noho tonu o ngā patu karihi hei kaha ārai. Ka awe hoki i ngā whanaketanga ahurea me te hangarau, mai i te tutei whānui ki ngā putanga hou i roto i te rorohiko me te miihini rererangi.
Opaniraa
He pakanga uaua, he maha ngā āhuatanga o te Pakanga Matao, ā, i pā ki te ao whānui mō te tata ki te haurua rautau. Ahakoa i mutu i mua i te pakanga hōia i waenganui i te USA me te USSR, i tino pāngia te ao katoa e ngā pakanga ā-rohe, ngā pehitanga tōrangapū, me ngā whakataetae ōhanga. He mea nui te mārama ki te Pakanga Matao kia mārama ai ki ngā āhuatanga uaua o ngā whanaungatanga o te ao o nāianei me ngā kaupapa pumau o te pakanga whakaaro, te aukati i te karihi, me te rapu i te mana o te ao. I te haere whakamua o te hītori, ka whakanuia e ngā akoranga o te Pakanga Matao te hiranga o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ngā tūponotanga o te whakataetae kore e taea te ārai, me te hiranga o te whai i te rangimārie i roto i te ao e hono tonu ana.
