Te Hītori Roa o Samurai me te Ture Bushido
Ko te āhua ngaro o te samurai, he pukupuku kanapa tōna, he katana koi tonu tana e mau ana, ā, he ataahua tōna nekehanga, kua hopukina ngā whakaaro mō ngā rautau. Ehara i te mea he hōia noa iho ēnei toa rongonui; he whakaaturanga ahurea hohonu tā rātou, he hononga hohonu ki te ture Bushido. Ko te hītori o te samurai me ō rātou mātāpono, he mea whakakī ki te honore, te pono, me te whakahaere, he tohu ki tētahi tikanga whai rawa, matatini hoki kua hanga i a Hapani, ā, kei te whakaoho tonu i te hiahia o te ao katoa.
Ngā Pūtake o te Samurai
Ko te tīmatanga o te samurai ka taea te whai i ngā kōrero mō te wā Heian (794-1185), he wā e tohuhia ana e te hanganga tōrangapū kore-whakahaere me ngā pakanga maha i waenga i ngā iwi ā-rohe. I te hiahia o te kāwanatanga matua, ka tīmata ngā rangatira pakanga ā-rohe, arā, ngā daimyos, ki te whakaū i tō rātou mana, me te huihui i ngā rōpū toa mohio hei tiaki i ō rātou hiahia me ō rātou rohe.
Ko ēnei toa o mua ngā tūpuna o te samurai. I whakakoi rātou i ō rātou pūkenga whawhai mā te whakangungu pakari, ā, i piri ki tētahi ture whanonga hou e whakanui ana i te pono ki ō rātou ariki. Ko te Pakanga o Gempei (1180-1185), he pakanga kino i waenganui i ngā iwi Taira me Minamoto, i whakakaha ake i te tūranga o te samurai i roto i te hapori Hapanihi. Nā te wikitoria o te iwi Minamoto i arahi te Kamakura shogunate (1185-1333), ā, i whakaū i te tūranga o te samurai hei ope taua rangatira.
Te Aranga Mai o ngā Samurai: Ngā Wā o Kamakura me Muromachi
I te wā o Kamakura i whakatūria ai he kāwanatanga i raro i te mana o ngā samurai, ko te shogun te kaiārahi. I tēnei wā i whakarārangihia ai ngā whanonga samurai, ā, i whakawhanakehia ai tētahi anga matatika hou ka whanake hei Bushido—te ara o te toa. Ko te pono o te samurai kua herea tonutia ki tō rātou ariki, ki te daimyo rānei, ā, ko ō rātou oranga i raro i ngā mātāpono o te mahi, te honore, me te pūkenga whawhai.
I te wā o Muromachi (1336-1573) i kitea te kaha haere o te ahurea samurai. I tēnei wā, i pāngia a Hapani e te wehewehenga tōrangapū nui, ā, i hua ake ai ngā pakanga maha i waenga i ngā iwi whakataetae. Nā tēnei wā pakanga, e mōhiotia ana ko te wā o Sengoku (Ngā Whenua Pakanga), i hiahiatia kia whakatikatikaina ngā pūkenga whawhai me ngā pūkenga rautaki a ngā samurai. Ko ngā tino tangata rongonui pērā i a Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, me Tokugawa Ieyasu i rongonui ai, ā, ko ā rātou pakanga me ā rātou wikitoria i whakaatu i te pūkenga whawhai me te mōhio rautaki a ngā samurai.
Te Tokugawa Shogunate me te Whakatakotoranga o Bushido
I te wā o Edo (1603-1868), i tautuhia e te rangimārie me te pumau i kawea mai e Tokugawa Ieyasu i te whakakotahitanga o Hapani, i kitea he panoni nui i roto i te tūranga o te samurai. I te korenga o te pakanga, ka urutau ngā samurai ki ngā tūranga hou hei kaimahi kāwanatanga, hei kaiwhakahaere, hei tohunga mātauranga. I tēnei wā, i whakapuakina me te whakaūtia te ture Bushido, kia tino whakaatahia ai ngā uara pumau o te pono, te honore, me te mahi a te samurai.
Ko te tikanga o te kupu Bushido ko 'te ara o te toa', e whakarapopototia ana mā roto i ōna āhuatanga matua e whitu: Gi (tika), Yu (toa), Jin (atawhai), Rei (whakaute), Makoto (pono), Meiyo (whakahonore), me Chugi (pono). Ehara i te mea ko ngā mahi a ngā samurai i te papa pakanga anake i whakahaere i ēnei mātāpono, engari ko ō rātou oranga o ia rā anō hoki. E whakanui ana te ture i te tika o te matatika, te whakahaere hinengaro, me te ngākau pono ki tōna rangatira me te hapori.
Ko te mahi a te samurai ki te Bushido e whakaatuhia ana i roto i te mahi seppuku, arā, te whakamomori. I mahia te seppuku hei whakahoki i te honore i te aroaro o te whakama, te korenga rānei, ā, i whakaata i te hiahia o te samurai ki te pupuri i ngā paerewa teitei o te ngākau pono me te kawenga, ahakoa te utu o ō rātou oranga.
Ngā Samurai i roto i te Mahi: Ngā Tikanga me te Āhua Noho
I tua atu i te papa pakanga, i awhi ngā samurai i ngā tikanga ahurea maha e whakaata ana i tō rātou reka me te piripono ki a Bushido. He kaitautoko rātou i ngā mahi toi—e whai wāhi ana ki ngā rotarota, ngā hui tī, te tuhituhi whakairo, me te whare tapere Noh. Ko te aro nui ki te whakahaere me te whakahaere i a rātou anō i horapa ki ō rātou oranga whaiaro, e whakaatuhia ana i roto i ngā kawa ātaahua i whaihia e rātou i ia rā. Ehara i te mea he whakangahau ahurea noa te hui tī, te chanoyu rānei, engari he kawa i whakatipu i te aro nui, te tika, me te rangimārie o roto.
Hei tāpiritanga, he tohunga nui ngā samurai ki te Zen Buddhism, ā, he nui te awe o ēnei ki tā rātou huarahi whawhai me te oranga. Ko ngā whakaakoranga Zen e whakanui ana i te aro nui, te whakaiti i te taumahatanga, me te koretake o te oranga, e hangai pai ana ki te kaupapa samurai. Ko ngā mahi whakaaroaro me ngā māramatanga rapunga whakaaro i kohia mai i te Zen Buddhism i hoatu ki ngā samurai he kaha hinengaro hei tautoko i tā rātou whakangungu tinana.
Te Whakakorenga me te Taonga Tuku Iho o te Samurai
Ko te Whakaora Meiji o te tau 1868 te tohu i te mutunga o te wā samurai, i te mea ka tere te whakahounga o Hapani me te whakahāweatanga o te Hauāuru. I whakakorea e te kāwanatanga hou te pūnaha feudal me te whakakore i te akomanga samurai, me te whakauru i ngā mahi hōia me ngā ture a te Hauāuru.
Ahakoa te memeha o tō rātou karaehe, i mau tonu te taonga tuku iho a te samurai. I haere tonu ngā mātāpono o Bushido ki te awe i te hapori Hapanihi, ā, i whakamahia anō hoki e te ope taua o Hapanihi o ēnei rā i roto i ngā momo āhua. I tua atu, ko ngā kaupapa o te honore, te pono, me te whakahaere i tautokona e te samurai i kitea he pānga nui ki te ahurea umanga me te mātauranga o Hapanihi.
Te Awe o ngā Samurai me ngā Bushido ki te Ao
I ēnei rā, ko ngā samurai me ā rātou tikanga whanonga he tohu kaha tonu mō te ahurea Hapanihi, e kitea nuitia ana i roto i ngā tuhinga, i ngā kiriata, me ngā pāpāho rongonui. Kua tūhuratia e ngā mahi a ngā kaituhi pērā i a Yukio Mishima te hiranga o te ao me te ahurea o te ture Bushido, ā, kua whakaurua e ngā kiriata pērā i a "Seven Samurai" a Akira Kurosawa te kaupapa toa rangatira ki ngā hunga mātakitaki o te ao.
Ko te huarahi whakahaere a te samurai, te pūkenga whawhai, me te hohonu o te whakaaro e whakaaweawe tonu ana, e kukume ana hoki. Ko ngā tohunga toi whawhai o ēnei rā, ngā tohunga hōia, me ngā tohunga kaiārahi, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e rātou ngā akoranga tawhito o Bushido hei whakatere i ngā wero o nāianei. Ko te taonga tuku iho pumau a te samurai he whakamahara i te pānga nui o te whakapau kaha ki ngā mātāpono matatika, ki te honore, me te whakahaere ki ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā hapori.
Opaniraa
Ko te hītori o ngā samurai me te ture Bushido he kōrero hohonu mō te pūkenga whawhai, te hohonutanga o te whakaaro, me te whakapau kaha ki ngā mātāpono matatika. Mai i ō rātou takenga mai i te wā Heian ki tō rātou whakangaromanga i te wā o te Whakaora Meiji, i whakaatuhia e ngā samurai he whakakotahitanga ahurei o te pūkenga whawhai me te pono matatika, e whakahaerehia ana e ngā tikanga tawhito o Bushido. Ko tō rātou taonga tuku iho pumau, e mau ana ki roto i te ahurea Hapanihi me te puāwai puta noa i te ao, kei te whakaaweawe tonu me te tuku tirohanga whai hua ki te āhua o te honore, te kawenga, me te wairua tangata.
