Te Wā Meiji me te Whakahoutanga o Hapani
Ko te Wā Meiji, mai i te tau 1868 ki te tau 1912, he wā nui i roto i te hītori o Hapani. I tapaina i muri i te Emepara Meiji, ko tana kingitanga te tohu o te māramatanga me te huringa haere tonu, i kite tēnei wā i te huringa o Hapani mai i te hapori feudal ki te iwi ahumahi hou. Nā ngā mahi whakahou i tēnei wā i whakauru mai ai ngā whakahoutanga whānui ki te taha tōrangapū, ki te taha ōhanga, me te taha pāpori i tino whakarerekē i te whenua o Hapani, ā, i whakatakoto i a ia ki te ara hei mana nui o te ao.
Papamuri me te Tīmatanga
I mua i te ruku hohonu ki ngā āhuatanga o te whakahoutanga o Meiji, he mea nui kia mārama ki te āhua o te whenua o Hapani i mua i tēnei wā. I raro te whenua i te mana o te shogunate Tokugawa, he wā i tohuhia e ngā kaupapa here pāpori tino pakari, ngā kaupapa here motuhake (sakoku), me te ōhanga ahuwhenua te nuinga. I waenganui o te rautau 19, nā te motuhaketanga o Hapani i āwhina ki te pupuri i te pumau o roto, engari i waiho hoki kia iti iho i ngā mana hangarau me ngā mana hōia o te Hauāuru.
Ko te taenga mai o te Komodora Matthew Perry o te Hononga o Amerika i te tau 1853, me te tono kia whakatuwheratia ngā tauranga o Hapanihi ki te hokohoko o Amerika, he karanga whakaoho. Ko ngā kawenata a te shogunate i muri mai me ngā iwi o te Hauāuru, i kitea he whakaiti, i whakaatu i te hiahia nui kia whakahoutia a Hapani kia kore ai e noho koroni. Ko te mutunga o ēnei pēhanga ko te Pakanga Boshin (1868-1869), he pakanga ā-iwi i hua ake ai te hurihanga o te shogunate Tokugawa me te whakahokinga mai o te mana o te emepera, i whakatakoto i te ara mō te Whakaora Meiji.
Ngā Whakahoutanga Tōrangapū
Ehara i te mea he whakawhiti mana noa iho te Whakaoratanga o Meiji engari he whakahoutanga whānui o ngā hanganga tōrangapū o Hapani. Ko te whāinga a ngā kaiārahi hou, he tokomaha o rātou he samurai taitamariki nō ngā rohe pērā i a Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, me Hizen, he waihanga i tētahi kāwanatanga hou, pokapū. I tīmata rātou i ētahi whakahoutanga nui:
1. Te Whakakorenga o te Pūnaha Feudal: I te tau 1871, i whakakorea te han (ngā rohe feudal) ka whakakapia ki tētahi pūnaha o ngā prefectures (ken), i raro i te mana whakahaere tika a te kāwanatanga matua. He mea nui tēnei whakakorenga o te hanganga feudal ki te waihanga i tētahi whenua ā-motu ōrite.
2. Te Whanaketanga Ture: I te tau 1889, i whakaaetia e Hapani te Ture Meiji, i whakatūria ai he mana kingi ture me te ture rua-kāwanatanga, e mōhiotia ana ko te Emepaea Diet. Ahakoa i mau tonu te mana nui o te emepara, i whakatakotohia e te ture te turanga mō ngā tukanga manapori e whanake haere ana o Hapani.
3. Ngā Whakahoutanga Ture: I whakahoutia e te kāwanatanga o Meiji te pūnaha ture i ahu mai i ngā tauira o te Hauāuru, me te whakauru i ngā āhuatanga o ngā ture Tiamana, Wīwī, me Peretānia. He mea nui tēnei whakahoutanga ture whānui i roto i te tono a Hapani kia whakautehia, kia ōrite hoki ngā whanaungatanga o te ao.
Huringa Ohaoha
I pāngia te whenua ōhanga o Hapani e ngā huringa nui i a ia e tere haere ana ki te ahumahi:
1. Ngā Whakahoutanga Ahuwhenua: I whakahoutia e te kāwanatanga te mana whenua, me te whakatinana i te whakahoutanga taake whenua o te tau 1873. Kāore i te whakapiki noa i te moni whiwhi a te kāwanatanga tēnei pūnaha, engari i whakatenatena anō hoki i te hua o ngā mahi a ngā kaimahi pāmu, ā, nā reira i tautoko i te whakahoutanga o te ahuwhenua.
2. Te Ahumahi: I whakatairangahia e te kāwanatanga o Meiji te whanaketanga o ngā ahumahi. I te whai i ngā tikanga o te Hauāuru, i whakatūria e Hapani ngā wheketere tauira a te kāwanatanga puta noa i ngā rāngai pēnei i te kakahu, te hanga kaipuke, me ngā patu. I muri mai ka tūmataitihia ēnei ahumahi hei whakatairanga i ngā umanga tūmataiti. I nui hoki te haumi a te kāwanatanga ki te hanga hanganga, pēnei i ngā rerewē me ngā raina waea, hei āwhina i te tipu me te hononga ahumahi.
3. Te Hanganga o Zaibatsu: I puta ake ngā kamupene nunui e mōhiotia ana ko zaibatsu, pērā i a Mitsui, Mitsubishi, me Sumitomo, ā, he tūranga nui tā rātou i roto i te whanaketanga ahumahi me te ōhanga o Hapani. I noho ēnei hinonga whānau-ā-whānau hei whānau ōhanga kaha, he mea nui ki te tere o te whakahounga o Hapani.
Huringa Papori me te Tikanga
I te wā o te ao hou i puta mai ngā huringa pāpori nui:
1. Mātauranga: I te mārama ki te uara o te mātauranga hei hanga i te iwi, i whakatinanahia e ngā rangatira o Meiji te mātauranga tuatahi ā-ture i te tau 1872. Ehara i te mea ko te pānui me te tuhituhi anake te kaupapa o tēnei kaupapa here, engari i whakatōkia hoki te wairua ā-motu. I whakatūria ngā whare wānanga teitei pērā i Te Whare Wānanga o Tōkyō hei akiaki i te auahatanga me te tohungatanga puta noa i te motu.
2. Ngā Whakahoutanga Hōia: I whakakapia te ope taua samurai e te ope taua hou, kua tuhia. I raro i te ture whakaū o te tau 1873, i hiahiatia kia mahi ngā tāne katoa, kia whakamanahia te mahi hōia, kia whakarite kia kaha te ope taua o Hapani. He mea nui tēnei kaha hōia hou ki ngā angitu hōia o Hapani i muri mai, tae atu ki ngā pakanga Sino-Hapanihi me Ruhia-Hapanihi.
3. Te Whakawhanaungatanga Ahurea o te Hauāuru: Hei wāhanga o tana tukanga whakahou, i tangohia e Hapani ngā tikanga me ngā mahi o te Hauāuru. I whakauruhia ngā kākahu o te Hauāuru, ngā momo hoahoanga, tae atu ki ngā pūnaha maramataka ki roto i te hapori Hapanihi. Heoi, ehara i te mea i tangohia whānuitia tēnei awe o te Hauāuru; i pāngia te ahurea Hapanihi e te whanaketanga honohono, e whakakotahi ana i ngā huānga tuku iho me ngā huānga hou.
Ngā Hononga ā-Ao me ngā Hiahia Emepaea
I te whanaketanga hou o Hapani, i whai hoki ia ki te whakahou i ngā tiriti taurite kore i whakatakotoria e ngā mana o te Hauāuru. Mā te whakaatu i tōna ahunga whakamua, i whiriwhiria anō e Hapani ēnei tiriti, ā, i whiwhi i ngā tikanga pai ake. I whakaoho anō hoki te ao hou i ngā wawata emepaea, i ārahi i a Hapani ki te whakawhānui i tōna mana ki Āhia ki te Rawhiti. Ko ngā wikitoria i te Pakanga Sino-Hapanihi (1894-1895) me te Pakanga Russo-Hapanihi (1904-1905) he tohu mō te kaha hou o Hapani, i whakamanahia ai ia hei mana nui o te ao.
Te Taonga Tuku Iho o te Wā Meiji
Nā te Wā Meiji i whakatū ngā tūāpapa o Hapani o ēnei rā. He wā tēnei o te whai tonu i te mātauranga, te urutau, me te auahatanga. Nā te huarahi pūnaha me te rautaki ki te ao hou i āhei ai a Hapani ki te peke atu i tētahi hapori feudal motuhake ki tētahi whenua ahumahi whakataetae i roto i tētahi wā poto noa iho.
Ahakoa i tino ārahi te wā i a Hapani ki te ao whānui hei mana nui, i whakatakotohia hoki e ia te turanga mō ngā wero me ngā pakanga o te rautau 20. Nā te ahumahi i kawe mai te hurihanga pāpori me te koretake o te hunga mahi, ā, ko ngā wawata emepaea o Hapani i tohu i tōna whakawhānui hōia i mua i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao.
Hei whakamutunga, he wā whakarerekētanga nui te Wā Meiji, ā, he hononga hihiri o te tikanga tuku iho me te ao hou. E whakaatahia ana te taonga tuku iho o taua wā i roto i te taurite tonu o te taonga tuku iho ahurea me te ahunga whakamua hangarau me te ōhanga o Hapani, e whakaatu ana i te manawanui me te urutau o tōna iwi.
