Te Hītori o te Whanaketanga o te Ihirama i Initonīhia
Ko te motu o Initonīhia, e neke atu ana i te 17,000 ngā moutere, ā, e noho ana i te neke atu i te 270 miriona tāngata, koia te whenua nui rawa atu o te ao e noho ana te nuinga o ngā Muhirama. He kōrero whakamīharo te haerenga a te Ihirama ki ēnei moutere, e whāia ana i roto i ngā rautau maha, e honoa ana ki te hokohoko, te ahurea, te tōrangapū, me ngā whakawhitiwhitinga hihiri o te ao Moana Iniana.
Ngā Taenga Mai o Mua: Te Tūranga o te Hokohoko me ngā Kaihokohoko
E whakaponohia ana i tae mai te Ihirama ki Initonīhia i te rautau 7 AD, i te wā o te whānui haere o ngā whatunga hokohoko i hono ai te Middle East, Āhia ki te Tonga, me Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti. Nā ngā kaihokohoko Arapi me Pāhia, i whakatere i ngā hau ua, i kawe mai, ehara i te mea ko ngā taonga anake, engari ko ngā whakaakoranga Ihirama anō hoki. Ko ngā tāone takutai moana pērā i a Aceh i Sumatra, i whakatū hononga hokohoko tuatahi ki ngā kingitanga o Īnia me te Arapi Peninsula, i noho hei turanga tuatahi mō ēnei whakaaro hou.
I te rautau 9, kua tino piki ake te aroaro o ngā kaihokohoko Muhirama. Ehara i te mea ko te ōhanga anake te awe o ngā kaihokohoko engari ko te ahurea me te whakapono anō hoki, i a rātou e tīmata ana ki te whakatū i ngā hapori Muhirama iti me te hanga whare karakia. He rangimārie ēnei taunekeneke tuatahi, ā, ko te nuinga o te wā i ahu mai i ngā painga tahi o te hokohoko.
Ka Pūtake ngā Kīngitanga Ihirama
I tere haere te horapa o te Ihirama ki Initonīhia i waenganui i te rautau 13 me te rautau 16, ā, i tohuhia e te hanganga o ngā sultanate Ihirama maha. Ko te kāwanatanga Ihirama tuatahi i mōhiotia i te rohe ko te Sultanate Samudra Pasai i te raki o Sumatra, i whakatūria i te rautau 13 pea. I kite a Marco Polo, te kaihōpara Venetian, i te noho mai o tētahi taupori Muslim nui i tana haerenga ki Sumatra i te tau 1292.
Nā te aranga ake o te mana nui o te Kāwanatanga o Malacca i te tīmatanga o te rautau 15 i āwhina i te horapa o te Ihirama. I te whenua o Malay Peninsula, ka noho a Malacca hei pokapū moana me te tauhokohoko nui, ka āwhina i ngā taunekeneke whānui i waenga i a Indonesia me ētahi atu rohe Muhirama. Nā te tahuritanga o te rangatira o Malacca ki te Ihirama me te whakatūnga o te kāwanatanga me ngā umanga Ihirama i hanga he tauira i whaia e ētahi atu mana rohe.
I te moutere o Java, he rerekē te tukanga o te Ihirama. Ko te Emepaea Hindu-Buddhist o Majapahit, i whakahaere i a Java me ētahi wāhanga o Sumatra, Bali, me Borneo, i te tīmatanga i ātete ki te awe o Ihirama. Heoi, nā te horapa ngawari o te Ihirama mā te hokohoko me te hinganga o Majapahit i kite i te putanga mai o ngā sultanate Ihirama, pērā i a Demak, Cirebon, ā, i muri mai ko Mataram, i whakakaha i te aroaro o te Ihirama ki te moutere.
Te Tūranga o Walisongo: Ngā Tapu e Iwa
He tino rongonui ngā Walisongo, arā, ngā Hunga Tapu e iwa, i roto i te hītori Ihirama o Initonīhia. He mea nui ēnei tohunga me ngā mihinare Sufi whai mana i te rautau 15 me te 16 ki te hora i te Ihirama puta noa i Java. E mōhiotia ana ia Walisongo mō āna tikanga horapa rerekē, mai i te whakatū i ngā whare mātauranga ki te whakauru i ngā mahi Ihirama ki ngā tikanga me ngā tikanga ā-rohe.
Ko te huarahi a te Walisongo i kitea ai ko te whakakotahitanga me te ngāwari ki te urutau. Engari i te aro atu ki ngā pūnaha whakapono Hindu-Buddhist o nāianei, i whai rātou ki te whakataurite i ngā whakaakoranga Ihirama ki ngā tikanga ahurea o te rohe. Nā tēnei rautaki whakaute me te whakauru i āwhina i te whakangāwari i te whakawhiti, ā, i whakatairanga i tētahi momo Ihirama ahurei, Initonīhia, e mau pūmau ana ki ngā tikanga o te rohe.
Te Wā Koroni me te Whakahoutanga Ihirama
Nā te taenga mai o te koroni o Ūropi, i tīmata mai i te iwi Pōtikī ki Malaka i te tau 1511, ā, i muri mai ko te iwi Tatimana, Ingarihi, me Pāniora ki ngā wāhanga rerekē o te motu, i puta mai ai ngā āhuatanga hou. I whai te Kamupene Tatimana ki te Rawhiti o Īnia (VOC) me te kāwanatanga koroni o Tatimana ki te whakahaere i te hokohoko mea kakara whai hua, me te whakamahi i te mana tōrangapū, i te nuinga o te wā ka taupatupatu ki ngā whenua Ihirama.
Heoi anō, he pānga ohorere anō hoki tō te koroni ki te horapa me te whakahoutanga o te Ihirama i Indonesia. I te rautau 19, i puta he nekehanga nui ki te whakahoutanga me te whakahoutanga o te Ihirama, i awehia e ngā ia o te ao o te whakaaro Ihirama. Ko ngā manene i hoki mai i te Hajj i Meka i mauria mai ō rātou whakaaro mō te ao hou me te purenga Ihirama, me te tautoko i te hokinga ki ngā mea i kite rātou he mahi parakore, he mahi korekore o te Ihirama o mua.
Ko ngā whakahaere pērā i a Muhammadiyah, i whakatūria i te tau 1912, me Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), i whakatūria i te tau 1926, i puta ake hei kaitākaro nui i roto i tēnei ngaru whakahou. I whakatairanga a Muhammadiyah i te mātauranga hou, ngā huarahi whakaaro nui ki te Ihirama, me te whanaketanga pāpori-ōhanga, ko te NU ia i pai ki te huarahi tuku iho, me te arotahi ki ngā tikanga me te mātauranga Ihirama ā-rohe.
Te Mana Motuhake me ngā Whanaketanga o nāianei
Ko te pakanga a Indonesia mō te mana motuhake mai i te mana o te koroni o Tatimana i tutuki i te panuitanga o te Repupiripia o Indonesia i te 17 o Ākuhata, 1945. I roto i te whenua hou kua motuhake, ko te tūranga o te Ihirama i roto i te ao tōrangapū me te hapori i noho hei kaupapa tautohetohe nui. Ko te pakanga whakaaro i waenga i te iwi ā-iwi, i tohuhia e ngā tāngata pēnei i a Sukarno, me te Ihirama tōrangapū, i tautokona e ngā rōpū pēnei i a Masyumi, i whakaata i ngā whakamaoritanga kanorau o te Ihirama i roto i Indonesia.
I te wā o Suharto (1967–1998) i kitea he whanaungatanga uaua i waenganui i te kāwanatanga me te Ihirama. I te tīmatanga, he whakapono kore whakapono te kāwanatanga o Suharto, ā, i tūpato ia ki te Ihirama tōrangapū, engari i te wāhanga whakamutunga o tana kāwanatanga, i whai ia ki te whakauru i ngā rōpū Ihirama hei whakautu i te pikinga o te whakahē.
I muri i te pakanga a Suharto, kua pāngia a Indonesia e te aranga ake o te manapori me te maha o ngā whakapono, engari kua pāngia anō hoki e ngā wero pēnei i te aranga ake o te Ihirama me te manawanui ki ngā whakapono. Kei te whai wāhi tonu ngā whakahaere pēnei i a NU me Muhammadiyah ki te tautoko i ngā whakamaoritanga ngawari me te manawanui o te Ihirama.
Opaniraa
He whāriki whai rawa te whanaketanga o te Ihirama i Indonesia, he mea whatu ki ngā rautau o ngā taunekeneke, ngā urutaunga, me ngā panonitanga hihiri. Mai i tōna whakaurunga tuatahi ki te hokohoko, te whakatūnga o ngā sultanate, te awe o ngā mihinare Sufi, te pānga o te koroni, ki ngā wero me ngā auahatanga o nāianei, e whakaata ana te Ihirama i Indonesia i tētahi kōrero ahurei o te syncretism, te manawanui, me te whanaketanga. I tēnei rā, ko te Ihirama o Indonesia he tohu mō te ranunga matatini engari he ōrite o te whakapono me te ahurea o te rohe, e whai wāhi ana ki te tuakiri oraora me te kanorau o te motu.
