Te hinganga o Constantinople me te mutunga o Byzantium
Ko te hinganga o Constantinople i te tau 1453 ehara i te mea ko te mutunga anake o te Emepaea Byzantine engari ko te huringa nui hoki o te mana, te ahurea, me te whakapono i roto i a Ūropi me te Rawhiti o Waenganui. Nā tēnei huihuinga whakatau, i kiia he wā nui i roto i te hītori, i whakamutua te Waenganui o ngā Tau, ā, i whakatakoto i te ara mō te Ao Hou.
Te Emepaea Byzantine i mua i te hinganga
Ko te Emepaea Byzantine, he toenga o te Emepaea Rōmana i te rawhiti, he mana nui mō te neke atu i te mano tau i muri i te hinganga o Rōma. I raro i ngā emepara pērā i a Justinian te Nui, i whānui haere te emepaea me ōna awe, ā, i hua ake ai ngā whakatutukitanga nui i roto i te hoahoanga, te ture, me te Karaitianatanga Orthodox.
Heoi, he maha ngā wero i pā ki te Emepaea Byzantine: te kore pumau o roto i te ao tōrangapū, ngā uauatanga ōhanga, me ngā tūmomo riri o waho, ā, i memeha haere tōna kaha i roto i ngā rautau. I te rautau 15, kua noho te emepaea kaha i mua hei atarangi noa iho o tōna ake āhua o mua, he rohe iti kei waenganui i a Constantinople (ko Istanbul i ēnei rā) me ētahi wāhi o waho.
Ko Constantinople, e kiia ana ko te pā kaha rawa atu o te ao nā ōna taiepa whakahīhī me tōna tūranga rautaki, koia te pā kaha whakamutunga o Byzantium. I tu atu te tāone i ngā whakapaenga me ngā whakaekenga maha i roto i ngā rautau, engari ko ngā Ottoman Turkish i pakaru i ōna pareparenga.
Te Whakataki ki te Hinganga
I te tīmatanga o te rautau 15, i te ara ake te Emepaea Ottoman, me te tere haere o te whakawhānui i ōna mana whakahaere i raro i ngā kaiārahi pērā i a Sultan Mehmed II. He tangata hihiri, he mātau hoki a Mehmed II, e mōhiotia ana ko Mehmed the Conqueror, ā, i aro atu ōna kanohi ki a Constantinople, he taonga tohu, he taonga rautaki hoki.
I roto te Emepaea Byzantine, i raro i te kaiārahi o te Emepara Constantine XI Palaiologos, i te raruraru nui. Ko ngā hoa tautoko i Ūropi ki te Hauāuru, i uru atu ki roto i ā rātou ake pakanga, ā, i whakaroa ki te āwhina i a Byzantium, he iti noa iho te āwhina i tukuna e rātou. Ahakoa tana tono āwhina mai i te Pāpa me ngā kīngi o Ūropi, ko Constantine XI anake i waiho hei ārai i te riri Ottoman.
Te Whakapaenga
I tīmata te whakapaenga o Constantinople i te 6 o Paenga-whāwhā, 1453, ā, i mau tonu tae noa ki tōna hinganga i te 29 o Mei, 1453. Tata ki te 100,000 ngā hōia Ottoman, me ā rātou pū nunui, tae atu ki te pōma nui i hangaia e te miihini Hungary, a Urban, i whakapae i tētahi tāone i tiakina e te 7,000 hōia. He mea nui tēnei painga hangarau i roto i te whakapaenga i te mea i pakaru haeretia e ngā pū Ottoman ngā taiepa Theodosian whakamataku, i tiaki i a Constantinople mō te tata ki te mano tau.
I tū pakari ngā kaiwawao o Constantinople, arā, ngā Byzantine me tētahi ope toa o Venetian me Genoese. I whakamahia e rātou ngā rautaki me ngā whakamahinga katoa e wātea ana, mai i te whakatika i ngā pakaru o ngā taiepa i raro i te pupuhi tonu ki te whakamahi i tētahi mekameka rino puta noa i te Golden Horn hei ārai i ngā whakaekenga a ngā kaipuke. Ahakoa tō rātou toa me te pūkenga, he nui rawa atu ngā kaiwawao, ā, he iti ake hoki ngā pū i a rātou.
Te Whakaekenga Whakamutunga
I ngā hāora wawe o te 29 o Mei, 1453, ka whakahau a Mehmed II i tētahi whakaekenga katoa ki te tāone. He maha ngā ngaru o ngā hōia Ottoman i whakaeke i muri i te pakanga, i hangaia hei whakangā i ngā kaiwawao. I puta te pakarutanga whakamutunga i te wā i waiho tuwhera ai tētahi kūaha iti i roto i ngā taiepa, te Kerkoporta, kia taea ai e ngā Ottoman te tomo mai ki te tāone. Ahakoa i whawhai toa a Constantine XI me āna tāngata, i hinga ngā kaiwawao. E ai ki te kōrero tuku iho, i hinga te emepara whakamutunga o Byzantine i te pakanga, ko tōna matenga te tohu o te mutunga o te Emepaea Byzantine.
te Ati
I ohorere te ao Karaitiana i te hinganga o Constantinople. I pāorooro te pānga o tēnei huihuinga nui ki ngā wāhi katoa, ā, i whakaohooho i te wehi, te miharo, me te whakaaro kāore e taea te karo mō te mana o te Emepaea Ottoman.
Ki ngā Ottomans, he wikitoria nui te horonga o Constantinople. I whakapuakina e Mehmed II te tāone hei tāone matua hou mōna, ā, ka tīmata te tukanga hurihanga hei tētahi o ngā tāone nui o te ao, me te whakakotahi i te ahurea Ihirama me te taonga tuku iho Byzantine. Ko Hagia Sophia, te whare karakia nui o te Eastern Orthodoxy, i hurihia hei mosque, hei tohu mō te nekehanga o te mana whakapono.
I tohu anō hoki te hinganga i te hekenga o Ūropi o ngā tau waenga me te pikinga ake o te Emepaea Ottoman hei mana nui. I neke haere ngā ara hokohoko, ā, i pā ki ngā ōhanga o Ūropi, ā, i whai wāhi atu ki te Wā o te Tūhuratanga, i te mea e rapu ana a Ūropi ki te Hauāuru i ngā ara hou ki Āhia.
Te mutunga o Byzantium me tōna taonga tuku iho
I te hinganga o Constantinople, ka mutu te noho o te Emepaea Byzantine hei hinonga tōrangapū. Heoi, kei te ora tonu tōna taonga tuku iho ahurea me tōna hinengaro. Nā ngā tohunga Kariki i rere i te raupatu Ottoman i kawe mai ngā tuhinga tawhito me ngā mātauranga ki Itari me ētahi atu wāhi o Ūropi, ā, i whakakaha ake i te Renaissance. I haere tonu te awe o te toi, te ture, me te karakia Byzantine ki te ao Karaitiana Orthodox me tua atu.
I Ūropi ki te Rawhiti, ka tīmata a Rūhia ki te kite i a ia anō ko te "Roma Tuatoru," he pokapū hou o te Karaitianatanga Orthodox ka mau tonu te taonga tuku iho o Byzantium. Ko te whakaaro o Moscow hei whakakapi mō Constantinople i awe i ngā mahi tōrangapū me te whakapono o Rūhia mō ngā rautau i muri mai.
Opaniraa
Ko te hinganga o Constantinople i te tau 1453 he wā tino nui i roto i te hītori o te ao. I tohu i te mutunga whakaharahara o te Emepaea Byzantine, ā, i tohu i te aranga ake o te Emepaea Ottoman hei mana nui. Ahakoa he aituā nui te hinganga o te tāone mō te ao Orthodox o te Rawhiti, he mea nui anō hoki tana mahi ki te hanga i te ao hou, i puta ai ngā panonitanga ahurea me te hinengaro puta noa i Ūropi me te Middle East. Kei te mau tonu te taonga tuku iho o Byzantium, he tohu ki tōna awe pumau ki te hītori, te ahurea, me te whakapono.
