Te Putanga Mai me te Whanaketanga o te Buddhism
Ko te Buddhism, tētahi o ngā whakapono nui o te ao, he hītori whai rawa, he matatini hoki e rua mano tau te roa. I tīmata hei urupare nui ki ngā tikanga whakapono me ngā rapunga whakaaro o Īnia onamata, ā, i whanake haere hei pūnaha whakapono me ngā mahi matatini kua awe i ngā piriona tāngata huri noa i te ao. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga te putanga mai me te whanaketanga o te Buddhism mā te tirotiro i ōna takenga mai, ngā mātāpono matua, ngā whanaketanga nui, me tōna horapa puta noa i ngā rohe rerekē.
Ngā Pūtake o te Buddhism
Ko te whakapono Buddhism i ahu mai i a Siddhartha Gautama, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te Buddha, e whakaponohia ana i noho ia i te rautau 6 ki te 4 BC i te rohe e kiia nei ko Nepōra me te raki o Īnia i ēnei rā. I whānau mai a Siddhartha i roto i tētahi whānau kingi i roto i te iwi Shakya. Ahakoa tōna whakatipuranga papai, i tino pārekareka ia ki te mamae i kitea e ia i tōna taha. Nā tēnei i akiaki ia ia ki te whakarērea i tōna oranga rangatira, ka rapu i te māramatanga.
Nā te rapunga a Siddhartha i ārahi ia i roto i ngā tikanga tuku iho maha, tae atu ki te tino whakatārewatanga, tae noa ki tōna kitenga i te "Ara Waenga" - he ara i waenga i te whakaiti nui me te ngākau nui ki te ao. I whiwhi ia i te māramatanga i a ia e whakaaroaro ana i raro i te rākau Bodhi i Bodh Gaya. Whai muri i tēnei mōhiotanga hohonu, ka riro ia hei Buddha, "Te Tangata Kua Oho ake," ā, i pau te toenga o tōna oranga ki te whakaako i ngā mātāpono o tōna māramatanga, i noho hei pūtake mō te Buddhism.
Ngā Mātāpono Matua o te Buddhism
Kei roto i ngā mea e mōhiotia ana ko ngā Pono Ariki e Whā ngā whakaakoranga a te Buddha:
1. Te Pono o te Mamae (Dukkha): Ko te ora, i roto i ōna āhua rerekē, e kī ana i te mamae, te koretake, me te kore pumau.
2. Te Pono o te Take o te Mamae (Samudaya): Ko te mamae ka puta mai i te hiahia nui, te hiahia nui, me te piripono.
3. Te Pono o te Mutunga o te Mamae (Nirodha): He ara hei whakamutu i te mamae mā te wikitoria i te piri me te hiahia.
4. Te Pono o te Ara ki te Mutunga o te Mamae (Magga): Ko te Ara Waru te huarahi hei wikitoria i te mamae. Kei roto i tēnei ara te māramatanga tika, te whakaaro tika, te kōrero tika, te mahi tika, te oranga tika, te kaha tika, te aro tika, me te arotahi tika.
Hei tāpiritanga, e whakanui ana te whakapono Puta i ngā ariā o Karma (te mahi me ōna hua) me Samsara (te huringa o te whānautanga, te mate, me te whānautanga anō). Mā te whanonga matatika, te whakaaroaro, me te whakaaro nui, ka taea e te tangata te whakatutuki i te Nirvana – te whakaoranga mutunga kore mai i te huringa o te mamae me te whānautanga anō.
Te Whanaketanga me te Whanaketanga o te Buddhism
I muri i te matenga o te Buddha, i tukuna ā-wahatia ana whakaakoranga, ā, i muri mai ka tuhia ki roto i ngā tuhinga e mōhiotia ana ko ngā Sutra. I huihui ngā kaunihera a te hapori Buddhist o mua, arā, ko te Sangha, hei tiaki me te whakarite i ngā whakaakoranga a te Buddha. Ko te Kaunihera Tuatahi, i tū i muri tata mai i te matenga o te Buddha, i whai kia whakaaetia ngā whakaakoranga me ngā ture matua mō te whakahaere i ngā mōneka.
I te horapa o te whakapono Puta, ka rerekē haere ngā tikanga, ā, ka puta ake ngā momo kura me ngā whakamārama. Ko te wehenga nui i waenganui i te whakapono Puta Theravada me te whakapono Mahayana te take:
– Te Whakapono Puta Theravada: E mōhiotia ana ko te "Whakaakoranga a ngā Kaumātua", e kiia ana ko te Theravada te peka tino matatika. E whakanui ana i te māramatanga takitahi mā te whakaaroaro me te piri ki ngā whakaakoranga me ngā mahi taketake.
– Mahayana Buddhism: Ko tōna tikanga ko "Waka Nui," i puta mai te Mahayana Buddhism i te rautau tuatahi o AD. I whakaurua mai e tēnei kura te ariā o te Bodhisattva – he mea e rapu ana i te māramatanga ehara i te mea mō rātou anake engari mō ngā mea ora katoa. E whakanui ana i te aroha me te kaha o ngā mea ora katoa ki te whakatutuki i te Buddhaness.
Te horapa o te Buddhism
Nā ngā rapunga whakaaro hohonu me ngā mahi urutau a te Puta i āwhina i tōna horapa ki tua atu o Īnia. He mahi nui tā te Emepara Ashoka o te Whare Ariki o Maurya i roto i te horapa o te Puta. I muri i tana hurihanga ki te Puta, ka tonoa e Ashoka ngā mihinare puta noa i Āhia ki te hora i ngā whakaakoranga a te Puta.
– Āhia Waenganui me Haina: I te rautau tuatahi o te tau, kua tae te whakapono Puta ki Āhia Waenganui. Mai i konei, ka uru atu ki Haina, ā, ka tūtaki ki te ahurea Hainamana, ki ngā rapunga whakaaro, me ngā whakapono pērā i te Confucianism me te Taoism, ā, ka urutau hoki. Nā te whakapono Puta Hainamana i ara ake ngā kura taketake pērā i te Chan (Zen i Hapani).
– Kōrea me Hapani: I tae te whakapono Puta ki Kōrea i te rautau 4, ā, ki Hapani i te rautau 6. I awhihia e ngā rangatira, ā, i noho hei wāhanga nui o te ao ahurea me te ao wairua.
– Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti: I te rautau 3 BC, ka horapa te whakapono Puta ki Sri Lanka, ā, mai i reira ki ngā whenua o Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti pērā i a Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, Laos, me Cambodia. I konei, ka tino horapa te whakapono Puta Theravada.
Ngā Whanaketanga me ngā Wero o ēnei Rā
I tēnei ao hou, kei te whanake tonu, kei te urutau hoki te whakapono Puta. I ngā rautau 19 me te 20, ka tīmata te hiahia o ngā tohunga whakaaro me ngā tohunga o te Hauāuru ki ngā whakaaro Puta, ā, ka horapa te whakapono Puta ki Ūropi me Amerika Te Raki. He maha ngā wā ka uru atu te whakapono Puta ki ngā take pēnei i te tika pāpori, te tiaki taiao, me te kōrerorero whakapono-rua.
Heoi anō, kua pāngia hoki te whakapono Puta e ngā wero nui. He pānga nui tō ngā huringa tōrangapū, pērā i te hurihanga ahurea i Haina me te Pakanga o Vietnam, ki ngā hapori Puta. I ngā wā tata nei, he mea nui ngā take pērā i te hokohoko i ngā mahi Puta me te wero o te pupuri i ngā whakaakoranga tuku iho i roto i te ao hurihuri tere.
Opaniraa
Ko te haerenga a te whakapono Puta mai i tōna tīmatanga i Inia tawhito ki tōna aroaro puta noa i te ao i ēnei rā, he whanaketanga tonu me te urutau. Ko ana whakaakoranga matua mō te mamae, te hiahia, me te ara ki te whakaoranga kua pārekareka ki te tini o ngā tāngata puta noa i ngā ahurea me ngā wā rerekē. I a ia e anga whakamua ana, he kaha ora tonu, he kaha hihiri hoki, e tuku ana i ngā māramatanga hohonu ki te āhua o te tangata me te rapu i te tikanga me te aroha i roto i tētahi ao e huri haere tonu ana.
