Te Putanga o te Parahanga Wai Whenua
He take taiao e āwangawanga ana te parahanga wai whenua i ngā wāhi maha o te ao, tae atu ki Initonīhia. He maha ngā wā e kiia ana te wai whenua he puna wai ma e haumaru ana nā te mea kei raro i te mata, e tiakina ana mai i ngā parahanga mata. Heoi, kāore te wai whenua i te tino ma i te tūponotanga o te parahanga. Ka puta te parahanga wai whenua mā roto i ngā tikanga matatini maha e uru ana ki ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā mahi a te tangata, ngā āhuatanga whenua, me ngā tukanga matū. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga te āhua o te parahanga wai whenua, ōna take, me ōna pānga ki te taiao me te hauora o te tangata.
1. Ngā Pūtake o te Parahanga Wai Whenua
He maha ngā pūtake ka pāngia ai te wai whenua. Anei ētahi o aua pūtake:
a. Para Ahumahi
Ko te ahumahi tētahi o ngā mea tino nui e whai wāhi ana ki te parahanga o te wai whenua. He maha ngā wheketere e tuku ana i ngā para, wai, totoka rānei, ki runga i te whenua, ki roto rānei i ngā awa, ā, ka mimiti haere ki roto i te oneone, ka poke i te wai whenua. Ko ngā matū kino pēnei i ngā konganuku taumaha (hei tauira, te mercury, te mata, me te cadmium), ngā matū waro (hei tauira, ngā patu pepeke me ngā patu taru), me ngā momo matū kore-waro ka tino poke i te wai whenua.
b. Ahuwhenua
Mā te whakamahinga o ngā maniua matū me ngā patupatu i roto i te ahuwhenua ka pāngia te wai whenua. Ina nui rawa te whakamahi i ngā maniua me ngā patupatu, ka mimiti ngā matū o roto i ēnei rauemi ki roto i te oneone, ka eke ki ngā taumata wai whenua, ka poke ai tēnei puna wai nui. Ko te hauota, e kitea pinepine ana i roto i ngā maniua, he mea poke noa i roto i te wai whenua, ā, ka pā kino ki te hauora o te tangata.
c. Para o te Whare
Ka taea hoki e ngā wai para o te whare, inā koa mai i ngā tāke wai para e turuturu ana, te whakapoke i te wai whenua. Ina pakaru, ina kore rānei e mahi tika ngā tāke wai para, ka mimiti ngā para o te whare kei roto ngā huakita mate me ngā matū o te whare ki roto i te oneone, ka whakapoke i te wai whenua.
d. Te Pupuri i ngā Para Hauora
Ka taea hoki e ngā whenua ururua para hauora te whakahaere koretake te waiho hei pūtake o te parahanga wai whenua. Ka taea e ngā matū kino mai i ngā para hauora, pērā i ngā rongoā me ētahi atu matū, te mimiti ki roto i te whenua me te wai ua, ka mimiti ki roto i te whenua, ka poke te wai whenua i raro.
2. Ngā Tikanga Whakapae Wai Whenua
Ka puta te parahanga o te wai whenua mā roto i ētahi tikanga e uru ana ki te nekehanga o te wai me ngā poke i roto i te oneone. Anei ētahi o ngā tikanga matua hei mārama:
a. Te whakatōtō
Ko te percolation te nekehanga o te wai ua, te wai mata rānei i roto i ngā paparanga oneone ki te aquifer, ki te paparanga wai whenua rānei. I roto i tēnei tukanga, ka taea e te wai te kawe i ngā matūriki poke kei runga i te mata o te oneone. Ki te nui ake ngā poke kei runga i te mata o te oneone, ka nui ake te tūponotanga ka tae atu ki te paparanga wai whenua mā te percolation.
b. Te horapa
Ko te horapa te tukanga e horapa ai ngā ngota poke mai i ngā wāhi he nui te kukū ki ngā wāhi he iti te kukū. I roto i te horopaki o te parahanga wai whenua, ka horapa ngā poke i roto i te oneone ki roto i te wai whenua he iti ake te kukū o ngā parahanga. He puhoi tēnei tukanga horapa engari ka taea te haere tawhiti, ā, ka whakapokea whānuitia te wai whenua.
c. Te Whakatairanga
Ko te nekehanga whakamua ko te nekehanga o te wai whenua e kawe ana i ngā poke mai i tētahi wāhi ki tētahi atu. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka peia tēnei nekehanga e ngā pikinga pēhanga, e ngā pikinga wai rānei i roto i te oneone. Mena ka neke te wai whenua poke ki ngā puna, ki ētahi atu puna wai rānei, ka horapa te poke, ā, ka nui ake ngā pānga.
3. Te Pānga o te Parahanga Wai Whenua
He maha ngā pānga kino o te parahanga wai whenua ki te taiao me te hauora o te tangata. Anei ētahi o ngā pānga matua hei mōhio māu:
a. Pānga ki te Hauora
Ka pā mai ngā raruraru hauora maha i te inu wai whenua poke, mai i ngā mate puku me ngā mate kiri tae atu ki te paihana konganuku taumaha. Hei tauira, ka pā mai te paru o te hauota i roto i te wai whenua ki tētahi āhuatanga e mōhiotia ana ko te 'blue baby syndrome', he āhuatanga e whakaiti ana i te kaha o te toto ki te kawe hāora i roto i ngā pēpi.
b. Ngā Pānga ki te Taiao
Ka taea e te wai whenua poke te whakararuraru i te taurite o ngā pūnaha rauropi o te rohe. Ka pāngia kinotia ngā tipu me ngā kararehe e whakawhirinaki ana ki te wai whenua, ka pā ki te mekameka kai me te kanorau koiora. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e te parahanga wai whenua te whakakino i te kounga o te oneone, me te whakaiti i te hua ahuwhenua.
c. Pānga Ōhanga
Ka pā kino hoki te parahanga wai whenua ki te ōhanga. He tino nui te utu mō te horoi i te wai whenua kua poke, ā, he roa te wā e pau ana. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e te parahanga wai whenua te whakaiti i ngā uara o ngā rawa me ngā whenua, ā, ka whakararu i te whanaketanga ōhanga ā-rohe e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kounga o te wai ma.
4. Ngā Mahi Ārai me te Whakahaere
Ko te aukati me te whakahaere i te parahanga o te wai whenua me whai mahi tahi mai i ngā kaipupuri moni maha, tae atu ki te kāwanatanga, te ahumahi, me te hapori. Ko ētahi mahi ka taea te mahi hei aukati me te whakahaere i te parahanga o te wai whenua ko:
a. Te Whakahaere me te Whakatinanatanga o te Ture
Me whakatū e te kāwanatanga he ture tino pakari hei whakahaere i te whakamahinga o ngā matū e ngā umanga me ngā ahuwhenua. He mea nui anō hoki te whakatinana i te ture tino pakari mō ngā takahi i ngā ture taiao hei ārai i te parahanga.
b. Mātauranga me te Mōhiotanga o te Iwi
Me whakapiki ake te mōhiotanga o te marea ki te hiranga o te pupuri i te kounga o te wai whenua mā roto i ngā kaupapa mātauranga me ngā kaupapa taiao. Me whakaako te marea ki te whakakore tika i ngā para o te whare me te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā matū kino.
c. Hangarau Ā-Taiao
Me whakatinana te ahumahi pumau, ā, me whai hua hoki ki te taiao. Mā te whakamahi i ngā hangarau hei whakaiti i te para me te whakapai ake i te whakahaere para ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te parahanga wai whenua.
d. Te Aroturuki me te Tirotiro
He mea nui te aroturuki i te kounga o te wai whenua i ia wā, kia kitea wawe ai te poke. Mēnā ka kitea he tohu o te poke, me tirotirohia anō kia kitea ai te pūtake me te mahi i ngā mahi whakatika e tika ana.
Te Katinga
He raruraru nui te parahanga wai whenua e hiahia ana kia arohia wawetia, kia mahia hoki. Ko te māramatanga hōhonu ki te āhua o te parahanga wai whenua me ngā āhuatanga e whai wāhi ana ki tēnei mea he taahiraa tuatahi nui ki te whakatika i tēnei take. Mā te mahi tahi a ngā kaipupuri hea, ka taea e tātou te mahi i ngā mahi pakari hei tiaki i ngā rauemi wai whenua, me te whakarite kia wātea te wai ma mō ngā reanga kei te heke mai.
