Ariā Matawhenua o te Huringa Wai
Ko te huringa wai he raupapa o ngā tukanga e rere tonu ana te wai mai i te mata o te Ao ki te āhuarangi, kātahi ka hoki anō ki te mata o te Ao. I roto i te ako i te whenua, ehara i te mea he tukanga taiao noa iho te huringa wai, engari he pūnaha hoki e whakatau nui ana i te taurite o te taiao, te wātea o te wai, te hanganga o te rangi me te āhuarangi, tae atu ki ngā tauira oranga o te tangata. He mea nui te wai o te ao koiora, ā, ko tōna nekehanga i roto i ngā "wāhanga" rerekē o te Ao—ngā moana, ngā awa, ngā roto, te oneone, ngā awa hukapapa, ngā mea ora, me te hau—ka hangaia he hononga ā-wāhi koinei te arotahi matua o te whenua.
Te Whakamāramatanga me te Tūnga o te Huringa Wai i roto i te Matawhenua
I roto i te ariā, ka ako te whenua i ngā āhuatanga o te ao tūroa (te ao tūroa, te āhuarangi, te wai o te whenua, te ao koiora, me te ao tangata) me ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ō rātou wāhanga. Kei te pūtake o te ao tūroa te huringa wai engari he kaha te awe o te āhuarangi (mā te mimiti me te hanganga kapua), te ao tūroa (mā te urunga me te rere o te wai whenua), te ao koiora (mā te mimiti), me te ao tangata (mā te whakamahinga whenua me ngā huringa). Nō reira, he tauira mārama te huringa wai o tētahi huarahi whenua e aro nui ana ki ngā whanaungatanga take-me-pānga me te hononga i waenga i ngā rohe.
Mai i te tirohanga pūnaha, ka taea te tiro i te huringa wai hei rere o te pūngao me te matū. Ko te pūngao o te rā te mea e akiaki ana i te mimiti, ko te kaha ā-papa ia e neke ana i te wai ki raro mā te ua me te rere o te mata. Ko te taurite i waenga i te "whakauru" (te wai e tomo ana ki tētahi rohe) me te "putanga" (te wai e wehe ana) he mea nui ki te mārama ki te taurite wai, te kaha o te waipuke me te tauraki, me te wātea o te wai ma.
Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Huringa Wai
He maha ngā tukanga nui e hono tahi ana i roto i te huringa wai. Ahakoa te āhua auau, ka rerekē te ara e haerea ana e te wai i runga i ngā āhuatanga taiao o tētahi wāhi.
1. Te mimiti
Ko te mimiti te tukanga e huri ai te wai mai i te wai ki te mamaoa wai nā te wera o te rā. Ko te mimiti nui rawa atu ka puta i ngā moana nā te whānui o te mata. I runga i te whenua, ka pāngia te mimiti e ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi pēnei i te pāmahana, te tere o te hau, te haumākū, me te kaha o te hihi o te rā. He nui te mimiti o ngā rohe toropika, engari ka taea e te haumākū nui te whakaroa i te mimiti nā te mea kua kī kē te hau i te mamaoa wai.
2. Te Whakapūnga me te Whakawāteatanga
Ko te whakapūngao ko te tukunga o te mamaoa wai mai i ngā tipu mā roto i ngā stomata rau. Ina honoa te mimiti me te whakapūngao, ka huri te kupu hei whakapūngao. E whakaatu ana tēnei tukanga i te hononga o te waiora me te ao koiora. Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā wāhi ngahere te tuku i te nui o te mamaoa wai ki te āhuarangi, ka pā ki te hanganga kapua me te kaha ua o te rohe. Nō reira, ko ngā panonitanga o te uhi tipu, pērā i te whakangaromanga o te ngahere, ka taea te whakarerekē i te huringa waiora i roto i tētahi rohe.
3. Te whakapūpūtanga
Ka whakamatao te mamaoa wai e piki ake ana ki te āhuarangi. Ina heke te pāmahana, ā, ka tae te hau ki te taumata mākū, ka huri te mamaoa wai hei pata wai, hei tioata huka rānei. Ka kiia tēnei tukanga ko te whakapūpū, ā, ka puta he kapua. I roto i te whenua āhuarangi, e pā ana te hanganga o te kapua ki te nekehanga o te hau. ngā papatipu hau, ngā rerekētanga pēhanga, me te āhua o te whenua. He maha ngā maunga e whakaoho ana i te pikinga o te hau (orographic) ka whakanui ake i te hauhautanga me te ua i ētahi taha.
4. Te Ua (Ua, Hukapapa, Whatu rānei)
Ko te ua te maturuturunga iho o te wai mai i te āhuarangi ki te mata o te whenua, ā, ka puta mai i te ua, te hukarere, te whatu rānei. He āhuarangi pārūrū tō InitonīhiaKo te ua te āhua o te nuinga o te wā. Ko te ua te mea e whakatau ana i te tohatoha o te wai i runga i te mata o te Ao, ā, he mea nui hoki i roto i te whakarōpūtanga āhuarangiKa pāngia ngā tauira ua e ngā hau hauhautanga, ngā ia moana, ngā āhuatanga ENSO (El Niño me La Niña), me ngā āhuatanga o te rohe pēnei i te tawhiti mai i te moana me te teitei.
5. Te hopu
I mua i te taenga ki te whenua, ka taea te pupuri i te wai ua e ngā tuanui o ngā rākau, o ngā rau, o ngā whare rānei. Ka kiia tēnei tukanga ko te aukati. I roto i te whenua taiao, he mea nui te aukati nā te mea ka whakaiti i te kaha o te wai e taka ana ki te mata o te whenua, ā, ka whakaiti i te horo. He nui ake te auau aukati o ngā ngahere matotoru i ngā whenua tuwhera.
6. Te Whakaurunga me te Whakaurunga
Ko te mimiti wai te tukanga e mimiti ai te wai ki roto i te oneone mā roto i ngā pūwero. Kātahi ka neke hohonu te wai mā roto i te mimiti tae noa ki ngā puna wai hei wai whenua. Ko te kaha o te oneone ki te mimiti i te wai he mea nui ki te kakano me te hanganga o te oneone, te pikinga o te pari, me te uhi whenua. Ko ngā wāhi he oneone onepu me ngā otaota matotoru he nui te mimiti, ko ngā wāhi tāone kua kapi i te uku me te raima ka iti haere te mimiti me te piki haere o te rerenga wai.
7. Rerenga o te Mata
Ko te rerenga wai ko te rere o te wai i runga i te mata o te whenua ki ngā awa, ki ngā roto, ki te moana rānei. Ka piki ake te rere o te wai i te wā e nui ana te ua, e mākū ana te oneone, e kore rānei e taea e te mata o te whenua te mimiti i te wai. I roto i te whenua ā-tinana, he hononga tata te rerenga wai ki te hanganga o ngā whatunga awa, te horo, te kawe paru, me te tūponotanga o te waipuke. Ka whakaraeraehia ngā tāone nui ki te waipuke nā te nui o ngā mata e kore e uru ki te wai, ā, he maha ngā wā kāore i te rawaka ngā pūnaha rerenga wai.
8. Te Rere o te Wai Whenua
Ka taea e te wai kua huri hei wai whenua te rere mārire i te taha o ngā paparanga toka, te puta hei puna, te noho rānei hei pūtake o te rerenga wai, inā koa i te wā maroke. He mea nui hoki te wai whenua hei whakarato i te wai ma. I roto i te horopaki o te whenua tangata, ko te whakamahinga nui rawa o te wai whenua ka arahi ki te totohu o te whenua me te urunga o te wai moana ki ngā rohe takutai.
Ngā Momo Huringa Wai
I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te wehewehe i te huringa wai kia toru ngā momo i runga i tōna ara tohanga:
1. Huringa poto (iti): Ka mimiti te wai moana, ka whakatōtō, kātahi ka taka hei ua ki te moana.
2. Huringa waenga: Ka mimiti te wai moana, ka neke ngā kapua ki uta, ka taka hei ua, kātahi ka rere te wai i roto i ngā awa hoki ki te moana.
3. Huringa roa (nui): Kei roto ko te tukanga o te hukapapa i te āhua o te hukarere, o ngā awaawa hukapapa rānei, me te hokinga o te wai ki te moana mā te rewa o te hukapapa me te rere o te awa. He mea noa te huringa roa i ngā āhuarangi mahana me te makariri.
Te Huringa Wai me te Huarahi Ā-Wāhi i roto i te Matawhenua
Ko te āhua motuhake o te whenua, he mea nui ki a ia te rerekētanga ā-rohe. He rerekē te huringa wai i ngā wāhi maunga i ērā i ngā whenua pāpaku, i ngā takutai moana, i ngā tāone nui rānei. He maha ngā wā ka mahi ngā maunga hei "pou wai" nā te mea ka hopu i te ua ā-papa, ka rongoa i te wai ki te whenua, ā, ka mahi hei pūtake awa. I taua wā, ka pāngia ngā rohe takutai moana e ngā wero pēnei i te urunga mai o te wai moana me te tote. I ngā tāone nui, ka nekehia e ngā huringa whakamahinga whenua te taurite i waenga i te urunga mai me te rerenga mai o te wai, ka piki ake te mōrearea o te waipuke.
E kitea ana hoki te ariā ā-wāhi i roto i te wehewehenga o ngā puna awa (DAS). Ko te rohe wai he wāhanga rohe e herea ana e ngā pae maunga, e rere ai te wai ua ki te putanga kotahi, pērā i te awa matua. He mea nui te tātari rohe wai mō te whakamahere taiao, te tiaki oneone, te whakahaere waipuke, me te whakarato wai ma.
Te Pānga o ngā Mahi a te Tangata ki te Huringa Wai
Ka taea e ngā mahi a te tangata te whakararuraru i te taurite o te huringa wai. Ka whakaitihia e te whakangao ngahere te mimiti me te aukati i te wai, ka whakanuia te rere o te mata me te horo, ā, ka tere ake te whakatōtō o te awa. Ka whakaitihia e te noho tāone ngā rohe hopu wai, ka whakanuia te rere o te wai, ā, ka nui ake te maha me te kino o ngā waipuke. Ka taea e te ahuwhenua kaha me te whakamakuku nui te whakarerekē i te taurite wai, ko te whakamahinga nui o te wai whenua ka arahi ki ngā raruraru wai me te pirau o te taiao.
Ko ngā mahi hei pupuri i te pumau o te huringa wai ka mahia mā te tiaki ngahere, te whakaora i ngā whenua nui, te hanga puna me ngā pūngao koiora, te whakahaere whakaurunga o ngā awaawa, me te tiaki wai. I roto i te whenua whanaketanga , ko ngā kaupapa here whakamahere ā-wāhi e whai whakaaro ana ki ngā rohe hopu wai, ngā rohe awa, me te mōrearea ā-pāwera he mea nui ki te whakarite i te pumau o ngā rauemi wai.
Te Katinga
Ko te huringa wai he ariā taketake i roto i te whenua e whakamārama ana i te rere o te wai me te pupuri i te ora i runga i te Ao. Ko ngā tukanga pēnei i te mimiti, te hauhautanga, te ua, te urunga, me te rere wai ka hanga he pūnaha hihiri e pāngia ana e te āhuarangi, te oneone, te āhua whenua, ngā tipu, me ngā mahi a te tangata. Ko te mārama ki te huringa wai i runga i te whenua ko te mārama ki ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā huānga o te ao tūroa me ngā rerekētanga ā-wāhi i roto i ia rohe. He mea nui tēnei mōhiotanga mō te whakahaere rauemi wai , te whakaiti i te waipuke me te tauraki, me te pupuri i te taurite taiao hei oranga tonutanga mō ngā whakatupuranga o nāianei me ngā whakatupuranga o muri mai.
