He whakamārama mō ngā Porowhita Ātiki me ngā Porowhita Āntartika
Ko te Porowhita Ātika me te Porowhita Āntartika he rārangi whānui e rua e whakahuatia pinepinetia ana i roto i te whenua, te whetū, me te pūtaiao āhuarangi. Ehara i te mea he "rārangi" kitea i runga i te mata o te Ao, engari he rohe whenua e tohu ana i ngā rohe me ngā āhuatanga taiao motuhake, inā koa ko te roa rawa o te ao me te pō. Mā te mārama ki ēnei porowhita ka āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama he aha ētahi rohe ka pāngia e te rā kāore he tōnga o te rā, he pō roa rānei kāore he rā.
He aha te Porowhita Ātiki me te Porowhita Āntartika?
Ki te kī māmā noa, ko te Porowhita Ātika he rārangi whānui kei te Tuawhenua Raki, ko te Porowhita Āntartika ia kei te Tuawhenua Tonga. Kei te 66,5° te whānui o ēnei e rua mai i te ekueta:
– Kei te 66,5° N (Rawhiti ki te Raki) te Porowhita Ātika.
– Kei te 66,5° te whānui ki te tonga o te Porowhita o te Antarctica.
E pā tika ana tēnei āhua 66,5° ki te piko o te tuaka hurihuri o Papatūānuku. E 23,5° te piko o te Papatūānuku ki te papa o tōna porowhita huri noa i te Rā. Nā tēnei, ka whiwhi ētahi wāhi i te hihi o te rā tata tonu i ētahi wā o te tau, ko ētahi kāore e whiwhi i te hihi o te rā.
He aha i huaina ai he "porowhita"?
Ka kiia he "porowhita" nā te mea ki te tuhia he rārangi whānui huri noa i te Ao, ka hanga he porowhita katoa. He rite tonu tēnei rārangi ki te ekueta, pērā i ētahi atu rārangi whānui. Engari ko te mea e motuhake ai ko tana mahi hei rohe whetū me te āhuarangi, ehara i te tohu tūnga noa iho.
Ngā āhuatanga matua: Te rā waenganui pō me te pō porowhita
Ko ngā āhuatanga rongonui e rua e puta ana i ngā rohe i runga ake i te Arctic Circle, i raro rānei i te Antarctic Circle ko:
1. Te Rā Waenganui Pō (Te Rā Waenganui Pō)
I ētahi wā, inā koa i te raumati i ia tuakoi ao, kāore te Rā e tō katoa i raro i te pae mō ngā hāora 24, neke atu rānei. Nō reira, ahakoa he "pō" te tikanga tūturu, e mārama tonu ana te rangi.
2. Pō Pōro
He rerekē, i te takurua, kāore te rā e puta mai i runga ake i te pae mō ngā hāora 24, neke atu rānei. Ko ngā rohe e pāngia ana e te pō porowhita ka pōuri roa, ahakoa he maha ngā wā ka pōuriuri, i runga i te wāhi me ngā āhuatanga o te āhuarangi.
I ngā wāhi e tika ana i te taha o te porowhita (66,5°), ka puta tēnei āhuatanga i te tau kotahi. Heoi, i te whakatata atu ki ngā pou (90° N mō te Pou Raki me te 90° S mō te Pou Tonga), ka roa ake te roanga o te "rā waenganui pō," te "pō polar" rānei, ā, ka roa pea mō ngā marama.
Ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā rohe o te Arctic me te Antarctic
Ahakoa he taitara "pou" tō rāua e rua, he rerekē rawa te Arctic me te Antarctic.
1. Ātiki: moana e karapotia ana e te whenua
Ko te rohe o te Ātika ko te Moana Ātika, he nui te huka i kapi i te huka (ina koa i te takurua), ā, e karapotia ana e ngā whenua pēnei i a Amerika Te Raki, i a Ūropi, me Āhia. He maha ngā hapori tangata o te Ātika, tae atu ki ngā iwi taketake me ngā tāone iti ki te rahi waenga i ngā whenua pēnei i a Kānata, Nōwei, i a Rūhia, me Alaska (Te Hononga o Amerika).
Nā te mea he moana te Arctic, he nui ngā hukapapa he huka moana e mānu ana. He tino pāngia tēnei hukapapa e ngā huringa o te pāmahana me ngā ia o te moana, nō reira ka kitea nuitia te pānga o te mahana o te ao i te Arctic i roto i te ahua o te hekenga o te whānuitanga o te huka moana.
2. Antarctica: he whenua e karapotia ana e ngā moana
He rerekē, ko Antarctica he whenua kua kapi i te paparanga matotoru o te hukapapa, e karapotia ana e te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa ki te Tonga. Kāore he taupori tuturu o Antarctica; ko ngā tāngata anake e noho ana i reira ko ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā kaimahi tautoko i ngā teihana rangahau.
I te tīmatanga, ko te nuinga o te hukapapa i Antarctica he papa hukapapa whenua. Mēnā ka rewa ngā papa hukapapa whenua, ka rere ki te moana, tera pea ka nui ake te pānga ki te pikinga o te taumata moana o te ao i ngā huringa o te hukapapa moana e mānu ana.
He aha i rerekē ai tēnei rārangi?
I roto i ngā mahi hangarau, kāore i te "pūmau" ngā tūranga o ngā Porowhita Ātika me ngā Porowhita Āntartika mō ngā mano tau. Nā ngā panonitanga iti o te piko o te tuaka o te Ao (whakakorikori) tēnei, e āta huri haere ana i roto i ngā huringa whetū roa. Ina paku huri te piko o te Ao, ka paku neke haere anō hoki ngā whānui e pā ana ki te huringa ao/pō 24-hāora.
Ahakoa he iti noa ngā panonitanga i te tauine o te oranga o te tangata, he mea nui i te pūtaiao mō te mārama ki te āhuarangi me ngā whanaketanga whetū i ngā tauine roa.
Te awe ki te āhuarangi me te oranga
He tino kino te āhuarangi o ngā rohe e karapoti ana i ēnei porowhita e rua: he roa, he makariri ngā hotoke, he poto ngā raumati, ā, ka taea e ētahi wāhi te mātao ki te tino mahana (ina koa i te Arctic i ētahi rohe takutai).
Pūnaha Rauropi Ātiki
Kei te Arctic ngā whenua tundra, ngā mosses, ngā rakau iti, me ngā kararehe mohoao pērā i ngā pea polar, ngā pokiha Arctic, ngā caribou, me ngā manu heke. Kua urutau hoki te oranga o te tangata i te Arctic ki ēnei āhuatanga mā te hopu manu, te hī ika, me ngā tauira whakamarumaru e tika ana mō te āhuarangi makariri.
Pūnaha Rauropi o te Antarctica
He tino kino rawa atu te Antarctic. He iti noa te ora i runga i te whenua, engari he nui ngā mea ora i te moana e karapoti ana, tae atu ki te krill (kōura iti), te kekeno, te tohorā, me te penguin. Ko te mekameka kai o tēnei rohe e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te hua o te moana i ia wā me te waatea o te hukapapa moana.
Te tūranga nui i roto i te rangahau pūtaiao
He "taiwhanga taiao" te Arctic me te Antarctic mō te ako i te huringa āhuarangi. E kite ana ngā kaipūtaiao:
– ngā panonitanga o te whānuitanga o te hukapapa moana i ia wā,
– te rewa o ngā awaawa hukapapa me ngā papa hukapapa,
– ngā tauira hau me ngā ia o te moana,
– tae atu ki ngā matū o te āhuarangi (hei tauira, te ozone me ngā hau kati kōtuhi).
He rongonui hoki a Antarctica mō te kitenga me te aroturuki i te kōhao ozone i te papa o raro, e āwhina ana i te ao ki te mārama ki te pānga o ētahi matū (pērā i te CFC) ki te āhuarangi. I taua wā, he tohu tere te Arctic mō te mahana o te ao nā te mea kei te tere ake te mahana o ngā rohe porowhita i te toharite o te ao, he āhuatanga e kiia ana ko te Arctic amplification.
Whakamutunga
He rohe whānui nui te Porowhita Ātika me te Porowhita Āntartika e pā tika ana ki te piko me te porowhita o te Ao huri noa i te Rā. E rua ngā tohu e tohu ana i ngā rohe ka taea te kite i te rā waenganui pō me te pō porowhita, he āhuatanga kāore i te kitea i ngā rohe mahana, i ngā rohe pārūrū rānei. Ahakoa he rite te ariā, he tino rerekē te Ātika me te Āntartika i runga i te whenua, i ngā pūnaha rauropi, me te noho tangata. Mā te mārama ki ēnei porowhita e rua ka whakarei ake i te māramatanga whenua engari ka whakapakari ake hoki i tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi o te ao me te heke mai o te taiao o te Ao.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga ki tētahi momo tuhinga "rongonui mā ngā ākonga", ki tētahi putanga "pūtaiao me ngā tohutoro", ki te tāpiri rānei i ngā wāhanga motuhake pēnei i ngā tauira o ngā whenua e whiti ana i te Arctic Circle me ngā teihana rangahau nui i Antarctica.
