He aha te Biogeography me ngā tauira o tōna whakamahinga
Ko te koiora whenua he peka o te pūtaiao e ako ana i te horapa o ngā mea ora—tae atu ki ngā tipu, ngā kararehe, me ngā moroiti—i runga i te mata o te Ao, me ngā āhuatanga e hanga ana i ēnei tauira horapa i roto i te wā. Mena kua whakaaro tātou he aha i kitea ai ngā tarakona Komodo i ētahi rohe o Indonesia anake, he aha i rite ai ngā kangarū ki Ahitereiria, he aha rānei i nui ai ngā momo i roto i ngā ngahere ua toropika ki te whakataurite ki ngā koraha, ka taka aua pātai ki roto i te ao o te koiora whenua. Ka whakakotahihia e tēnei pūtaiao ngā ariā mai i te koiora, te matawhenua, te āhuarangi, te rauropi, me te whanaketanga hei whakamārama i te wāhi e noho ana ngā rauropi me te take i noho ai rātou ki reira.
Te Mārama ki te Koiora Whenua
I te whakarapopototanga, ka taea te tautuhi i te koiora whenua hei ako i te tohatoha whenua o ngā rauropi. Ehara i te mea ka maherehia e te koiora whenua ngā wāhi noho o ngā momo engari ka whaihia hoki ngā tukanga e pā ana ki ēnei tohatoha. Kei roto i ēnei tukanga ko te hītori o te hanganga o te whenua, te huringa āhuarangi, te hekenga, te wehenga whenua, te whakataetae i waenga i ngā momo, te urutau, tae noa ki te ngaronga.
Ka arotahi anō hoki te koiora whenua ki ngā tauine ā-wāhi me te ā-wā. I te tauine ā-wāhi, ka taea e te rangahau te tino whānui—hei tauira, te horapa o ngā kararehe whakangote puta noa i te ao—tērā pea he tino motuhake, pērā i te hanganga o ngā tipu i runga i tētahi moutere iti. I te tauine ā-wā, ka taea e te koiora whenua te ako i ngā tauira horapa o nāianei (ngā āhuatanga o nāianei) me ngā mea o mua (ngā miriona tau o te hītori o te Ao). Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka wehea te koiora whenua ki ngā huarahi whānui e rua: te koiora whenua taiao me te koiora whenua hītori.
Koiora ā-Taiao me te Hītori
Ko te koiora whenua ā-taiao e aro ana ki ngā āhuatanga taiao e awe ana i te horapa o ngā rauropi o nāianei. Hei tauira, ko te pāmahana, te ua, te momo oneone, te waatea o te wai, te teitei, me ngā taunekeneke ki ētahi atu momo. Hei tauira, ko ētahi tipu ka tipu noa i roto i te oneone whai kohuke, ko ngā momo amphibian rānei ka kitea i ngā wāhi makuku nā te mea e hiahia ana ō rātou kiri ki ngā āhuatanga makuku.
I taua wā, ka whai te koiora whenua hītori i ngā kaupapa o mua i hanga i te tohatoha o ngā rauropi o nāianei, pērā i te nekehanga o ngā pereti tektonika, te hanganga o ngā pae maunga, ngā huringa o te taumata moana, me te hītori whanaketanga. Hei tauira, ko ngā āhuatanga ōrite o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe i ngā whenua kua wehea whānuitia inaianei ka taea te whakamārama mā te hītori o te wā i honoa ai aua whenua ki ngā whenua nui (pērā i a Pangea, i a Gondwana rānei).
E tautoko ana ēnei huarahi e rua tetahi i tetahi. Ko ngā āhuatanga taiao e whakatau ana mēnā ka "kaha te noho" o tētahi momo ki tētahi rohe, ko te hītori matawhenua me te whanaketanga ia e whakatau ana me pēhea te taenga mai o te momo ki reira i te tuatahi.
Ngā Take e Pā Ana ki te Tohatoha o ngā Mea Ora
He maha ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki ngā tauira tohatoha o ngā rauropi. Anei ētahi o ngā mea tino nui:
1. Āhuarangi (pāmahana, ua, wā)
Ko te āhuarangi te pūtake matua o te horapa o ngā koiora o te ao, pērā i te tundra, te taiga, ngā ngahere rau-ngahuru, ngā savanna, me ngā koraha. Ko ngā momo kua urutau ki ngā āhuarangi makariri ka uaua ki te ora i ngā rohe pārūrū, me te ritenga kē.
2. Te tauwāhi matawhenua me te āhua whenua
Ka taea e te teitei, te pikinga o te pari, me te noho mai o ngā maunga te mahi hei arai, hei ara hekenga rānei. Ka taea e ngā maunga teitei te wehe i ngā taupori, ā, ka puta ake ngā momo hou.
3. Te wātea o te nohonga me ngā rauemi
Me kai, me wai, me te wāhi hoki ngā mea ora hei oranga mō rātou. Ko ngā wāhi he nui ngā rauemi ka nui ake te kanorau o ngā momo.
4. Ngā arai taiao
Ka ārai pea ngā moana, ngā koraha whānui, me ngā pae maunga i te mararatanga. Nā reira, he maha ngā momo taketake (ko ērā e kitea ana i tētahi wāhi motuhake) e kitea ana i ngā moutere, i ngā wāhi motuhake rānei.
5. Ngā taunekeneke koiora
He pānga anō tō te whakataetae, te kaipahua, te pirinoa, me te mahi tahi. Hei tauira, kāore pea he tipu e tupu pai i roto i te rohe e whakahaerehia ana e tētahi momo whakaeke kaha ake.
6. Ngā mahi a te tangata
Ka taea e te whakangaromanga o ngā ngahere, te noho tāone, te huringa āhuarangi, me te whakaurunga mai o ngā momo ehara i te taketake te whakarerekē nui i te horapa o ngā rauropi. I roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, ka tere ake te ngaro o ngā mea ora ā-rohe, ka whakaiti hoki i te kanorau koiora o ēnei pānga.
Ngā Ariā Hiranga i roto i te Koiora Whenua
I roto i te koiora whenua, he maha ngā ariā matua hei āwhina i te whakamārama i ngā tauira tohatoha o ngā mea ora.
– Te Endemism
Ko te momo taketake he momo e kitea ana i tētahi rohe motuhake anake. Hei tauira, ko te tarakona Komodo (Varanus komodoensis) he taketake ki te East Nusa Tenggara (Komodo, Rinca, Flores, me ngā rohe e karapoti ana).
– Te horapa
Ko te mararatanga te tukanga horapa o ngā rauropi mai i tētahi wāhi ki tētahi atu. Ka puta tēnei mā te nekehanga hohe (te hikoi, te rere) mā te nekehanga kore rānei (e haria ana e te hau, e ngā ia o te moana, e te tangata rānei).
– Te wehenga rohe (te wehewehenga rohe)
Ka puta te whakarōpūtanga ina wehea te taupori nā ngā huringa ā-papa whenua, ā-taiao rānei, pērā i te hanganga o tētahi awa nui, te pikinga rānei o ngā taumata moana e wehewehe ana i ngā whenua. Kātahi ka whanake ngā taupori kua wehea hei momo motuhake.
– Te pikinga o te kanorau
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te kanorau o ngā momo he nui rawa atu i ngā rohe werawera, ā, ka heke ki ngā pou. Kua noho tēnei tauira hei rangahau matarohia mō te koiora whenua.
Ngā Tauira o te Whakamahinga o te Koiora Whenua i te Ao Tūturu
Ehara i te mea he ariā noa iho te koiora whenua; he tono ā-ao tūturu anō hoki mō te tiaki taiao, te whakamahere ā-rohe, te ahuwhenua, tae atu ki te whakahaere mate. Anei ētahi tauira o ōna tono:
1. Te Tiaki i te Kanorau o te Koiora me te Whakatūnga o ngā Wāhi Tiaki
Ko tētahi o ngā whakamahinga nui o te koiora whenua ko te whakatau i ngā wāhi tiaki matua. Mā te mārama ki ngā pokapū noho whenua me ngā wāhi e tino mōrearea ana, ka taea e ngā kāwanatanga me ngā tari tiaki te tohu tika ake i ngā papa whenua ā-motu, i ngā wāhi tapu kararehe rānei.
Hei tauira, i Initonīhia, ko ngā rohe pēnei i te Pāka Whenua o Komodo, te Pāka Whenua o Lorentz, me te Pāka Whenua o Gunung Leuser e whakahaerehia ana mō ō rātou uara koiora-whenua teitei—e pā ana ki te ahurei o ngā momo me tō rātou tūranga rauropi. Ka āwhina hoki te koiora-whenua ki te tautuhi i ngā ara kararehe mohoao hei ārai i te noho motuhake me te tuku i ngā taupori kia tupu pai.
2. Te Mārama ki te Raina Wallace me te Tohatoha o ngā Kararehe o Initonīhia
He "taiwhanga" koiora-whenua rongonui a Initonīhia nā ōna rohe horapa kararehe, inā koa ko te Rārangi Wallace me te rohe whakawhiti (Wallacea). I te nuinga o te wā, he rite ngā kararehe ki Āhia i te taha hauauru o Initonīhia (Sumatra, Java, me Kalimantan), engari he rite a Papua ki Ahitereiria. Kei waenganui i ngā rua ko te rohe whakawhiti (Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, me Maluku), e whakamanamana ana ki te ranunga ahurei o ngā momo taketake.
He mea nui tēnei māramatanga mō te tiaki taiao nā te mea he rerekē ngā āhuatanga taiao me ngā hītori whanaketanga o ia rohe. Me whai whakaaro ngā kaupapa here tiaki taiao whai hua ki ēnei rerekētanga koiora-whenua, kaua e whānuitia puta noa i ngā moutere katoa.
3. Te Matapae i te Pānga o te Huringa Āhuarangi ki te Tohatoha o ngā Momo
I te pikinga ake o te pāmahana o te ao, me te rerekētanga o ngā tauira o ngā wā, kei te neke haere ngā nohoanga e tika ana mō te tini o ngā momo. Ka whakamahia te koiora whenua—me te āwhina o te whakatauira tohatoha momo—hei matapae i te wāhi e neke ai ngā momo, ko ēhea rohe ka ngaro te kanorau koiora, me ēhea rohe me whakarite hei nohoanga ā muri ake nei.
Hei tauira, kei te mōrearea ētahi momo whenua teitei ki te ngaronga o te nohoanga nā te mea e piki ake ana rātou ki ngā teitei ake, engari he iti noa te wāhi o ngā tihi maunga. Ka āwhina tēnei momo mōhiohio ki te whakamahere tiaki mō te wā roa.
4. Te Whakahaere i ngā Momo Tauhohe
Ka taea e ngā momo whakaeke te whakakino i ngā rauropi o te rohe, te whakakore i ngā momo taketake, me te whakaiti i te hua ahuwhenua. Mā te koiora whenua ka mārama ki ngā ara whakaurunga, ngā āhuatanga taiao e pai ai te horapa, me ngā wāhi tino whakaraerae.
Hei tauira, ka horapa te hākiniti wai, ētahi momo ika rānei kua whakaurua mai, ā, ka whakarerekē i te hanganga o ngā pūnaha rauropi wai. Mā te mahere i tō rātou horapa pea, ka taea te whakatinana i te whakahaere tere me te tika.
5. Te Whakahaere Ahuwhenua me ngā Rauemi Taiao
I roto i te ahuwhenua, he mea whai hua te mārama ki te koiora whenua hei whakatau i ngā hua e tika ana mō tētahi rohe i runga i te āhuarangi, te oneone, me ngā pepeke me ngā mate urutā noa. Hei tauira, he pai ake ētahi hua mō ngā whenua teitei nā te iti o te pāmahana, ko ētahi ia e tupu pai ana i ngā whenua pāpaku me te ua motuhake.
Ka āwhina hoki te koiora whenua ki te whakaora i te whenua kua pakaru. I te wā e whakatō ana i ngā ngahere, ko te mea pai ko te whiriwhiri i ngā momo tipu i runga i tō rātou horapa tūturu me te pai o te nohonga, kaua ko te whakato noa i ngā momo tipu tere te tipu.
6. Hauora: Te Tohatoha o ngā Waka Mate
Ka whakamahia te koiora whenua hei mahere i te horapa o ngā rauropi kawe mate, pērā i te waeroa Anopheles (malaria) me te waeroa Aedes aegypti (dengue). Ka pā te āhuarangi, te ua, me te taupori ki ngā wāhi whakaputa uri waeroa. Ka taea e ngā mahere koiora whenua whārite te āwhina i te whai huatanga o ngā mahi ārai me te whakaiti i te mate.
Whakamutunga
Ko te koiora whenua te pūtaiao e whakamārama ana i te horapa o ngā mea ora o te Ao me ngā tukanga e hanga ana i tōna āhua, arā, ngā āhuatanga taiao o nāianei me te hītori whenua me te whanaketanga o mua. Mā te mārama ki te koiora whenua ka taea e tātou te whakamārama i ngā tauira koiora, te tautuhi i ngā rohe taketake, te matapae i ngā pānga o te huringa āhuarangi, te whakahaere i ngā momo whakaeke, tae atu ki te hoahoa i ngā kaupapa here tiaki e tika ana.
I waenganui i te raruraru koiora me te huringa āhuarangi o te ao, kua nui haere te hiranga o te koiora whenua. Ehara i te mea ka āwhina i te tangata ki te mārama ki te "mahere o te ora" i runga i te Ao, engari ka āwhina hoki i a rātou ki te whakatau whakaaro nui hei whakarite i te pumau o ngā rauemi koiora mō ngā whakatipuranga o muri mai.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri i tētahi wāhanga motuhake "ngā pātai tauira me te matapakinga mō te koiora whenua" (mō ngā mahi kura) he putanga pūtaiao ake rānei o te tuhinga me ngā tohutoro.
