Ngā Papa o Papatūānuku me ō rātou Āhuatanga
Ehara a Papatūānuku i te pōro toka ōrite. I raro i te mata o te whenua e noho nei tātou, he paparanga kei roto i a Papatūānuku, he rerekē ōna āhuatanga ā-tinana, ā-matū hoki. Ka pāngia te nuinga o ngā āhuatanga whenua e ēnei rerekētanga: ngā rū whenua, ngā pahūtanga puia, te hanganga maunga, te nekenekehanga whenua, tae noa ki te papa aukume e tiaki ana i te ora mai i te irahiko kino. Ko te mārama ki ngā paparanga o Papatūānuku ko te mārama ki te "mīhini" e whakahaere ana i te ao.
I te nuinga o te wā, e rua ngā huarahi e taea ai te whakaahua i ngā paparanga o te Ao: i runga i te hanganga matū (kirikiri, koroka, uho) me runga i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, ā-pūkaha rānei (lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, uho o waho, uho o roto). Ka tautokohia e ēnei huarahi e rua tetahi ki tetahi.
1) Te Kirinuku o Papatūānuku: Ko te paparanga o waho rawa, angiangi engari he mea nui
Ko te paparanga o te whenua te paparanga o waho rawa o te Ao, te wāhi e takoto ai ngā whenua nui me te papa o te moana. Ahakoa koinei te "wāhanga" matua mō te ora, he tino angiangi te paparanga ina whakaritea ki te rahi o te Ao.
Ngā āhuatanga matua:
– Matotoru: tata ki te 5–10 km mō te papa o te moana me te 30–70 km mō te papa o te whenua (matotoru ake i raro i ngā maunga nunui).
- Te hanganga:
– Ko te nuinga o te papa o te moana he toka pārū (he nui te konupūmā me te rino).
– He nui ake ngā toka kōhatu (he nui ake te silica) kei roto i te kirinuku whenua.
– Te mātotoru: he mātotoru ake (kiato ake) te kirinuku moana i te kirinuku whenua, nō reira ka ngawari te totohu ki raro i a ia.
– Te pāmahana: he iti noa iho ki te whakataurite ki ngā paparanga o raro, engari ka piki ake i te hohonutanga.
Kua wehea te kirinuku ki ngā pereti tektonika e neke haere tonu ana. Nā tēnei nekehanga pereti ka puta he rū whenua, ka huaki he moana hou, ā, ka hangaia he pae maunga.
2) Mantle: Te "Kīhini" Hihiri i raro i te Kirihou
Kei raro i te kirinuku te paparanga matotoru rawa o te Ao, e kapi ana i te nuinga o te rahi o te ao. He maha ngā wā ka whakaarohia te paparanga he moana magma, engari he totoka te nuinga. Heoi, he kirihou—ka taea e ia te rere āta haere i ngā wā whenua.
Ngā āhuatanga matua:
– Matotoru: tata ki te 2.900 kiromita, mai i te pūtake o te kirinuku ki te rohe matua.
– Te Hanganga: ko ngā kohuke silicate he nui te konupūmā me te rino (hei tauira, te peridotite) te nuinga.
– Pāmahana: kei waenganui i te ~500°C i te tihi ki te neke atu i te 4.000°C tata ki te rohe matua.
– He tukanga matua: ngā iahiko whakawhiti o te papa whenua, te nekehanga o ngā rauemi wera e piki ake ana, me te nekehanga o ngā rauemi matao e totohu ana. Koinei tētahi o ngā tino take o te nekehanga o ngā pereti tektonika.
Kua wehea te papa o runga me te papa o raro. I ētahi rohe, ka rewa te whenua, ka puta he magma. Ka taea e tēnei magma te piki ake ki te mata, ka whakaoho i ngā mahi puia.
3) Te Pūtake o Papatūānuku: Te Pokapū o Papatūānuku me te Pūtake o te Papa Aukume
Ko te paparanga o roto rawa o te Ao ko te uho, he mea hanga nui ki te rino me te nikara. He mahi nui tā te uho nā te mea koinei te pūtake o te papa aukume o te Ao, e mahi ana hei "whakangungu" mai i te hau o te rā me ngā matūriki kua utua.
Ngā āhuatanga matua:
– Tauwāhi: mai i te hohonutanga o te ~2.900 km ki waenganui o te Ao i te ~6.371 km.
– Te hanganga: te rino (Fe) me te nikara (Ni) te nuinga, me te āheinga pea o ētahi atu huānga māmā i roto i ngā rahinga iti.
– Wehenga: te uho o waho (wai) me te uho o roto (totoka).
– Tūranga: ko te nekehanga o te wai kawe hiko i roto i te pūtake o waho ka whakaputa i te pānga dynamo e whakaputa ana i te papa aukume o te Ao.
Ki te kore he uho hohe, tera pea ka tino pāngia a Papatūānuku e te irahiko, ā, ka ngawari ake te memeha o tōna āhuarangi e te hau rā, pērā i te mea i tupu i Tāwhirimātea.
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Ngā Paparanga e Hangai ana ki ngā Āhuatanga Ā-tinana (Ā-ringa)
Haunga te wehenga o te kirinuku-te-papa-te-matua, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā tohunga matawhenua he wehenga i runga i "te whanonga o ngā paparanga" e pā ana ki te pēhanga me te wera.
4) Lithosphere: He anga pakari kua pakaru hei pereti
Kei roto i te papa whenua te kirinuku me te wāhanga pakari o runga o te koroka. Koinei te paparanga e hanga ana i ngā pereti tektonika.
Ngā āhuatanga matua:
– Ngā Āhuatanga: pakari, pakarukaru, ngāwari te ngatata—koia te take e puta pinepine ai ngā rū whenua i te papa whenua.
– Matotoru: rerekē, tata ki te 50–200 km, ka matotoru ake pea i raro i ngā whenua tawhito.
– Tūranga: te neke i runga i te paparanga kirihou i raro iho (asthenosphere), ka puta ai ngā taunekeneke pereti pērā i te wehewehenga, te huihuinga, me te whakawhiti.
I ngā rohe pereti rerekē, ka taea e te papa whenua te totoro me te hanga i ngā pae waenga moana. I ngā rohe e tūhono ana, ka tō te papa whenua moana kikī ki roto i te papa whenua, ka hanga he awaawa moana me ngā pewa puia.
5) Asthenosphere: Te Papa "Ngāwari" e āhei ai ngā pereti ki te neke
Kei raro iho i te lithosphere te asthenosphere, tae atu ki te wāhanga wera ake, wai ake o te papa o runga.
Ngā āhuatanga matua:
– Ngā Āhuatanga: kirihou, ka taea te whakarerekē te āhua, ā, ka puhoi te rere.
– Āhua: he maha ngā wā ka rewa wāhanga i roto i ngā ōrau iti, ka "ngoikore" te mahi ā-pūkaha.
– Tūranga: hei "mata pahekeheke" hei pahekenga mō ngā pereti whenua, kia taea ai te hanga i ngā nekehanga whenua.
He mea nui te asthenosphere hei whakamārama i te nekeneke o ngā pereti ahakoa te āhua mārō, matotoru hoki o te lithosphere.
6) Mesosphere (Raro o te Mantle): Totoka engari he Tino Pōturi te Rere
Ko te mesosphere e pā ana ki te papa o raro (i raro i te asthenosphere ki te rohe matua). Ahakoa te teitei o te pāmahana, ka noho pakari tonu te papa nā te nui o te pēhanga.
Ngā āhuatanga matua:
– Ngā Āhuatanga: he pakari ake i te asthenosphere, engari ka taea tonu te rere i roto i te tauine wā o ngā miriona tau.
– Tūranga: ka whai wāhi ki te tohanga nui o te konutea e neke ana i te wera mai i roto o te Ao ki runga.
Ka hangaia e te whakawhiti wera i te papa o raro me te papa o runga he pūnaha kawe wera e awe ana i ngā mahi ā-whenua i runga i te mata.
7) Pūtake o Waho: Ko te konganuku wai te kaiwhakahaere o te papa aukume
Kei raro i te koroka te uho o waho, ā, he wai. He mea nui te rere o tēnei konganuku wai.
Ngā āhuatanga matua:
– Hōhonutanga: ~2.900–5.150 kiromita.
– Ngā Āhuatanga: he wai nā te huinga o te pāmahana teitei me ētahi āhuatanga ā-tinana.
– Te mahi matua: te whakaputa i tētahi papa aukume mā te nekehanga kawe hiko o te konganuku wai e kawe ana i te hiko me te hurihanga o te Ao (geodynamo).
E pā ana hoki ngā panonitanga o te rere i te pūtake o waho ki ngā rerekētanga o te kaha o te papa aukume, tae atu ki ngā tahuritanga o ngā pou aukume i roto i te wā matawhenua.
8) Te Uho o Roto: He Pōro Totoka o te Pēhanga Tino Kaha
Kei waenganui o te Ao he pūtake totoka o roto. Ahakoa te tino teitei o te pāmahana, nā te nui o te pēhanga ka totoka te rino me te nikara i reira.
Ngā āhuatanga matua:
– Hōhonutanga: ~5.150–6.371 km (ki waenganui o te Ao).
– Ngā Āhuatanga: kikī, tino piri.
– Pāmahana: e matapaetia ana ka eke ki te ~5.000–6.000°C.
– Tūranga: ka āwhina i te pupuri i ngā mahi matua, ā, mā te tukanga tio āta haere o te matua o roto ka taea te tuku i te wera me ngā huānga mārama e whakapakari ana i te kawe hiko i te matua o waho.
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Me pēhea te mōhio o ngā kaipūtaiao ki ngā paparanga o Papatūānuku?
Nā te mea kāore e taea e tātou te keri ki roto i te pūtake, ko te nuinga o ō tātou mōhiotanga mō te hanganga o te Ao i ahu mai i te pūtaiao ru whenua. He rerekē te haere o ngā ngaru rū whenua i roto i ngā totoka me ngā wai. Ka taea e ngā ngaru-P te haere i roto i ngā totoka me ngā wai, engari kāore e taea e ngā ngaru-S. Ko ngā tauira piko me ngā "rohe atarangi" o ngā ngaru rū whenua e tohu ana he wai te pūtake o waho, ā, he totoka te pūtake o roto. Hei tāpiri, he āwhina ngā raraunga mai i te kaha ā-papa, ngā papa aukume, me ngā whakamātautau kohuke pēhanga teitei.
Te Katinga
Ko ngā paparanga o Papatūānuku—te kirinuku, te mantle, me te uho—ehara i te mea he wehenga hanganga noa iho, engari he pūnaha hohe, he pūnaha honohono. Ka neke te lithosphere pakari i runga i te asthenosphere kirihou ake, ka hanga i ngā pereti tectonics e hanga ana i te mata o te ao. Ka mahi te mantle hei miihini convection e whakawhiti ana i te wera, ko te uho wai o waho e whakaputa ana i tētahi papa aukume e tiaki ana i te ora. Mā te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o ia paparanga, ka taea e tātou te mārama ake he aha te Ao e hihiri ana, e nohoia ana, e huri tonu ana i te wā.
