Te Hangarau GPS me ōna Whakamahinga i roto i te Matawhenua
Kua noho te hangarau Pūnaha Tūnga Ao (GPS) hei wāhanga nui o te ao hou, mai i te whakatere waka ki te mahere rohe. I roto i te whenua, e māramahia ana te GPS ehara i te mea he taputapu whakatau tauwāhi anake engari he hangarau hoki e tautoko ana i te kohikohi raraunga ā-wāhi, te tātari rohe, me te whakatau tauwāhi. Nā tōna kaha ki te whakarato taunga tere me te tika, ka whakawhānui ake te GPS i te huarahi e mārama ai ngā tohunga whenua ki te mata o te Ao me ngā āhuatanga e puta ana i runga. E matapakihia ana e tēnei tuhinga te whakamāramatanga o te GPS, ōna mātāpono mahi, ōna momo, me ōna tono i roto i ngā mara whenua rerekē.
Te whakamāramatanga me te hītori poto o te GPS
He pūnaha whakatere amiorangi te GPS i whakawhanakehia e te Hononga o Amerika hei whakarato i ngā mōhiohio tūnga, tere, me te wā puta noa i te mata o te Ao. I tīmata te whanaketanga i te tekau tau atu i 1970, ā, i muri mai ka whakatuwheratia mō te whakamahinga whānui a te iwi whānui i te mutunga o te rautau 20. I ēnei rā, kua whakauruhia te GPS ki roto i te whānuitanga o ngā taputapu, tae atu ki ngā waea atamai, ngā mataaratanga atamai, ngā waka, tae atu ki ngā taputapu ruri ngaio.
Ahakoa te whakamahinga whānui o te kupu "GPS", he maha atu anō ngā pūnaha amiorangi whakatere ā-ao kei te wātea i ēnei rā, pērā i a GLONASS (Rūhia), Galileo (Te Kotahitanga o Ūropi), me BeiDou (Haina). I roto i te mahi mahere me te mahi whenua, he maha ngā taputapu hou e whakamahi ana i te huinga o ngā amiorangi mai i ēnei pūnaha, e kiia nei ko te Pūnaha Amiorangi Whakatere Ao (GNSS). Heoi, ko te GPS tonu te kupu rongonui mō te hangarau tūnga e ahu mai ana i te amiorangi.
Te mahi a te GPS
Ka mahi te GPS mā te whakamahi i ngā tohu mai i ngā amiorangi e porowhita ana i te Ao. Ko te tikanga, ka tatau te kaiwhiwhi GPS i te tawhiti i waenganui i a ia me ētahi amiorangi i runga i te wā haere o ngā tohu reo irirangi. Nā te mea ka tukuna e ngā amiorangi ngā tohu kei roto ngā mōhiohio wā me te tūranga, ka taea e te kaiwhiwhi te tatau i te "pseudorange," arā, ngā tawhiti kitea. Mā te whiwhi tohu mai i te iti rawa e whā ngā amiorangi, ka taea e te kaiwhiwhi te whakatau i ngā wāhanga e toru o te tūranga (te whānui, te roa, me te teitei) me te whakatika i ngā hapa wā i roto i te karaka o roto o te taputapu.
Ko te ariā matua e whakamahia ana ko te trilateration: te whakatau i te tūranga mā te whakawhitiwhiti i ngā "porowhita" tawhiti maha e pokapū ana i te amiorangi. Ka nui ake ngā amiorangi ka hopukina, ka pai ake hoki te āhua o te amiorangi (e mōhiotia ana ko te DOP, Dilution of Precision), ka teitei ake te tika o te tūranga ka taea te whakatutuki.
Te tika o te GPS me ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki tēnei
Ka rerekē te tika o te GPS i runga i te kounga o te taputapu me ngā āhuatanga o te taiao. Ko te tika o ngā taputapu GPS i runga i ngā waea pūkoro he torutoru mita noa iho i te rangi tuwhera. I taua wā, ka taea e ngā taputapu ruri whenua GNSS te whakatutuki i te tika henimita, inā koa ka whakamahia ngā tikanga whakatikatika rerekētanga.
Ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te tika ko:
1. Ngā āhuatanga o te āhuarangi (ionosphere me te troposphere): Ka pāngia pea ngā tohu amiorangi e ngā whakaroa, ka paku hē ai ngā tataunga tawhiti.
2. Ara Maha: Ka peke te tohu ki ngā whare, ki ngā pari, ki ngā mata wai rānei, kātahi ka riro mai hei tohu tāpiri, hei tohu whakararuraru.
3. Ngā ārai ā-tinana: Ka taea e ngā tuanui o te ngahere matotoru, ngā whare teitei, ngā awaawa whaiti rānei te whakaiti i te maha o ngā amiorangi ka taea te hopu.
4. Te kounga o te kaiwhiwhi me te pūihi: He pai ake ngā pūihi me ngā rauropi e whakamahia ana e ngā taputapu rangahau ngaio i ngā taputapu kaihoko.
5. Āhuatanga amiorangi (DOP): Ki te tata rawa te whakaritenga o ngā amiorangi tetahi ki tetahi, kāore e tino pai te whakawhitiwhitinga tatau tūranga.
Hei whakapai ake i te tika, ka whakamahia ngā tikanga pēnei i te GPS Rerekē (DGPS), te Kinematic Wā-Tūturu (RTK), te whakatikatika whatunga rānei (CORS/Continuously Operating Reference Stations). Ka whakatauritehia e ēnei tikanga ngā tohu mai i tētahi kaiwhiwhi waea pūkoro ki tētahi kaiwhiwhi tohutoro kua mōhiotia kētia tōna tūranga.
Te tūranga o te GPS i roto i te whenua
I roto i te whenua, he tūāpapa nui ngā raraunga tauwāhi. Me whai mōhiohio tika mō te tūnga o ngā mapi, te tātari whakamahinga whenua, te rangahau āwhata, tae atu ki ngā rangahau tohatoha taupori. Ka honoa e te GPS te ao tūturu me ngā pūnaha taunga, ka taea ai te tuhi i ngā āhuatanga o te mata o te Ao hei raraunga ā-wāhi, ā, ka tātarihia anō mā te whakamahi i te GIS (Geographic Information Systems).
He maha ngā wā ka honoa te GPS me te hangarau tirotiro mamao me te GIS. Ahakoa ka taea e ngā whakaahua amiorangi te tiro i te mata o te Ao mai i te tirohanga a te manu, ka tautoko te GPS i te manatoko whenua me ngā taunga tika. Mā te whakakotahitanga o ēnei e toru ka hua ake he tukanga mahere tere ake, mārama ake, me te tika ake.
Ngā tono GPS i roto i te mahere me te ruri whenua
Ko te whakamahinga tino rongonui o te GPS i roto i te whenua ko te mahere whenua. I roto i ngā rangahau whenua, ka whakamahia te GPS ki:
– Whakatauhia te tūranga o ngā pūwāhi whakahaere hei tohutoro mahere.
– Te mahere i ngā rohe whakahaere, i ngā rohe whenua, i ētahi āhua whenua rānei.
– Waihangahia ngā ara awa, rori, takutai moana rānei mā te pūnaha.
Mō ngā mahere whenua nui, pērā i ngā mahere tāone taipitopito, ngā rohe whenua rānei, he tino whai hua te whakamahi i te GNSS me te RTK nā te mea he tino tika, he whai hua hoki te wā. I taua wā, mō ngā rangahau tere waenga-tauine, he rawaka te GPS ringaringa hei kohikohi i ngā wāhi nui, pērā i te wāhi o ngā whare tūmatanui, ngā wāhi tauira rangahau rānei.
GPS mō te rangahau whenua ā-tinana
Ka ako te whenua ā-tinana i ngā āhuatanga taiao pēnei i te āhua whenua, te wai, me te āhuarangi. Ka tautoko te GPS i tēnei rangahau mā roto i:
– Ngā rangahau huringa takutai moana: Mā ngā inenga ā-wā mā te whakamahi i te GPS ka taea te whakaatu i te pakū, te pikinga rānei.
– Te aroturuki i ngā horo whenua: Ka taea te tāuta me te tirotiro i ngā pūwāhi aroturuki mō te nekehanga i roto i te wā.
– Ngā rangahau awa me ngā rohe wai (DAS): Ka āwhina te GPS ki te mahere i ngā awaawa, ngā wāhi tūtaki o ngā manga, me ngā wāhi hei tirotiro i te rerenga me te kounga o te wai.
– Tātaritanga whenua moroiti: Mā te GNSS tino tika, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te mahere i ngā teiteitanga mō ngā tauira waipuke, horo rānei.
I roto i ngā rangahau āwhati, ka whakamahia pinepinetia te GPS mō te kohikohi raraunga mara i muri i te āwhati, pērā i te mahere i ngā rohe kua pāngia, ngā wāhi rerenga, me te tohatoha āwhina.
GPS i roto i te whenua tangata me te whakamahere rohe
I roto i te whenua tangata, he mahi tā te GPS ki te ako i te nekenekehanga, te tohatoha o ngā mahi, me ngā taunekeneke ā-wāhi. Hei tauira:
– Tātari whanonga haere: Ka taea e ngā raraunga GPS mai i ngā kaiwhakautu, i ngā waka rānei te whakaatu i ngā huarahi matua, ngā wā haere, me ngā wāhi taupū.
– Te whakamahere waka: Ka tautoko te GPS i te mahere whatunga rori me te aromatawai i te mahi waka.
– Te whakamahere ā-wāhi: Ka taea te whakakotahi i te whakatau i te tauwāhi o ngā whare tūmatanui pēnei i ngā kura, ngā pokapū hauora, me ngā wāhi tuwhera matomato me te tātaritanga kapinga ratonga e ahu mai ana i te whatunga.
– Ngā rangahau tāone: Ka āwhina te GPS ki te mahere i te whakamahinga whenua tuturu me ngā mahi ōhanga kāore i te tuhia ki ngā raraunga mana.
I te pikinga ake o ngā raraunga nui, ka taea te tātari katoa i ngā raraunga tauwāhi mai i ngā taputapu pūkoro kia mārama ai ki ngā āhuatanga o te tāone. Heoi anō, me whai mana whakahaere raraunga matatika me te tiaki tūmataitinga hoki tēnei.
Te whakaurunga o te GPS ki te GIS me ngā tono matihiko
Ka nui ake te whai hua o te GPS ina whakauruhia ki te GIS. Kia kohia ngā taunga i te mara, ka taea te kawemai i ngā raraunga ki te pūmanawa GIS ki:
– Waihangahia he mahere kaupapa (hei tauira, he mahere tohatoha tauira).
– Whakahaerehia he tātaritanga tawhiti me te urunga atu.
– Tātaihia te horahanga me te paenga o te polygon i puta mai i te whakamamatitanga o te mara.
– Whakakotahitia ngā raraunga GPS me ngā whakaahua amiorangi, ngā mahere turanga rānei.
I ēnei rā, mā ngā tono mahere whenua pūkoro ka māmā ake te kohikohi raraunga parae. Ka taea e ngā kairūri whenua te whakakī i ngā puka, te tango whakaahua kua tohua ki te whenua, me te tuku raraunga tika ki tētahi tūmau, kia tere ake ai, kia mahi tahi ai hoki te tukanga mahere whenua.
Ngā wero me ngā take matatika
Ahakoa he whai hua, he uaua te whakamahi i te GPS. I ngā wāhi ngahere nui, i ngā tāone nui rānei, ka ngoikore pea te tohu, ā, ka iti ake te tika o ngā raraunga. Hei tāpiri, ka tūpono anō hoki te whakawhirinaki ki te hangarau amiorangi mēnā ka pokanoa te tohu, ka herea rānei te urunga.
He mea nui anō hoki ngā take matatika, inā koa mō te aroturuki i ngā tauwāhi takitahi. Ka taea e ngā raraunga GPS te whakaatu i ngā tauira noho o te tangata, nō reira he mea tika ngā ture mārama mō te whakaaetanga, te huna i ngā ingoa o ngā raraunga, me te rokiroki haumaru. I roto i te rangahau whenua tangata, me whakarite ngā kairangahau kia kaua te kohikohinga raraunga tauwāhi e kino ki ngā kaiwhakautu.
Te Katinga
Kua hurihia e te hangarau GPS te huarahi e whakahaerehia ai te whenua: mai i te tirotiro ā-ringa me te tuhi noa ki te kohikohi raraunga ā-wāhi tika ka taea te tātari rorohiko. Mā te whakamahi i te kaupapa o te trilateration e hangai ana ki te amiorangi, ka taea e te GPS te whakanoho tere, te tautoko i te mahere whenua, te ruri whenua, te rangahau whenua ā-tinana, me te whakamahere rohe. Ko tōna whakaurunga ki te GIS me ngā tono mamati ka whakapakari i te tūranga o te GPS i roto i te whakatau kaupapa e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga. I te heke mai, me whakahaere tika ngā wero hangarau me ngā wero matatika kia mau tonu ai te whakamahinga o te GPS i roto i te whenua kia tika, kia haumaru, kia whai hua hoki ki te hapori whānui.
