Te Whakarōpūtanga Āhuarangi o Köppen: Te Mārama ki tētahi Pūnaha Whakarōpūtanga Āhuarangi Tika
Ko te mātai āhuarangi te peka o te pūtaiao e ako ana i ngā āhuatanga o te āhuarangi me te rangi i roto i te wā. Ko tētahi o ngā tikanga rongonui me te whānui e whakamahia ana mō te whakarōpūtanga āhuarangi ko te Pūnaha Whakarōpūtanga Āhuarangi a Köppen. I whakawhanakehia e te tohunga āhuarangi me te tohunga huarere Tiamana a Wladimir Köppen i te mutunga o te rautau 19 me te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, kua maha ngā whakahoutanga o tēnei pūnaha engari he taputapu tino whai hua tonu mō ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā kaimahi i roto i te mara. Ka whakaratohia e tēnei tuhinga he arotake hohonu o te whakarōpūtanga āhuarangi a Köppen, tae atu ki ōna mātāpono, ngā kāwai matua, me ngā tono i roto i ngā momo mara.
Ngā Mātāpono Whakarōpūtanga Āhuarangi o Köppen
Ko te Pūnaha Whakarōpū Āhuarangi a Köppen e ahu mai ana i ngā tauira tipu taiao me ngā pāmahana toharite me te ua puta noa i ngā rohe. Mā te mārama ki te pānga o te āhuarangi ki te tipu o ngā tipu i roto i tētahi rohe, i whakawhanakehia e Köppen tētahi pūnaha e whakarōpū ana i ngā rohe i runga i ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi ōrite. E rima ngā kāwai matua o tēnei pūnaha, ia kāwai e tohua ana ki te reta matua:
1. A: Āhuarangi Pārūrū
2. B: Te Āhuarangi Maroke
3. C: Āhuarangi Mārie (Haumākū, Hauāuru)
4. D: Āhuarangi Hemiboreal
5. E: Te Āhuarangi Pōro
Ka wehea anō ia o ēnei kāwai ki ngā kāwai iti i runga i ngā tauira pāmahana me te ua motuhake ake. Kei raro nei he whakamārama whānui ake mō ia kāwai matua me ōna kāwai iti.
Āhuarangi Pārūrū (A)
Ko te āhuatanga matua o te āhuarangi pārūrū ko te pāmahana toharite o ia marama neke atu i te 18°C puta noa i te tau. Ko ngā rohe he āhuarangi pēnei kei te taha tonu o te ekueta, ā, e rua ngā wāhanga matua:
– Af: Te Āhuarangi o te Ngāherehere Ua Tropika
He nui te ua puta noa i te tau, engari kāore he wā maroke motuhake. Ko te ngahere ua toropika te tipu matua.
– Aw/As: Āhuarangi o te Savanna Tropical
He wā maroke motuhake tōna, ko te takurua te nuinga. He nui ake te ua i te raumati.
Āhuarangi Maroke (B)
Ko te iti o te ua e tohuhia ana e ngā āhuarangi maroke. I roto i te pūnaha Köppen, ka whakamahia ētahi atu tohu pēnei i te "S" me te "W" hei whakaahua i ngā tauira ua:
– BWh: Koraha Wera
He rohe he teitei te pāmahana, ā, he iti noa te ua.
– BWk: Koraha Matao
He iti te ua, engari ka tino makariri te pāmahana i te takurua.
– BSh: Whenua Tarutaru Wera
He paku makuku ake i te koraha wera, engari he motuhake tonu te wā maroke.
– BSk: Whenua Tarutaru Matao
Tata rite ki BWk engari he nui ake te ua.
Āhuarangi Mārie (C)
E mōhiotia ana ngā āhuarangi ngawari mō ō rātou wā motuhake e whā. He maha ngā wāhanga iti o tēnei āhuarangi:
– Cfa: Haumākū, Hauwhā-pārūrū
He wera, he makuku ngā raumati, he matao hoki ngā hotoke.
– Cfb: Āhuarangi Moana (Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa ki te Hauāuru)
He nui te ua i te tau katoa, ā, he makariri te raumati, he ngawari te takurua.
– Cfc: Te Āhuarangi Matao o te Moana
He rite ki te Cfb engari he paku iti iho te pāmahana.
– Csa/Csb: Moana-nui-a-Kiwa
Ko ngā āhuatanga o te raumati he maroke, he wera (Csa) he matao rānei (Csb) me te hotoke he mākū.
Āhuarangi Pōro Whenua (D)
Kei roto i tēnei kāwai ngā āhuarangi he roa, he tino makariri hoki ngā hotoke. Ko ngā kāwai iti kei roto i tēnei kāwai ko:
– Dfa/Dfb: Āhuarangi Whenua Makuku
He wera, he makuku ngā raumati, ā, he roa, he tino makariri hoki ngā hotoke.
– Dfc/Dfd: Te Tai Tokerau o te Rāwhiti
Te tohu i ngā wāhi he tino makariri ngā hotoke me ngā raumati hauhautanga, mahana rānei.
– Dwa/Dwb: Asiatic Continental
Ka kapi i ngā rohe he raumati wera, he raumati makuku, he hotoke tino makariri.
Āhuarangi Pōro (E)
Ko ngā āhuarangi pōuri he wāhi tino makariri i te tau katoa. E rua ngā momo matua:
– ET: Tūndra
Ahakoa te marama mahana rawa, kāore te pāmahana toharite o ia marama e neke ake i te 10°C, ā, he iti noa iho te tipu o ngā tipu tundra.
– EF: Pou Hukapapa
He rohe kāore te pāmahana toharite o ia marama e neke ake i te 0°C, nō reira ko te huka me te hukarere anake.
Ngā Whakamahinga o te Whakarōpūtanga Köppen i roto i te Oranga o Ia Rā
He aha te hiranga o te mārama ki te whakarōpūtanga āhuarangi a Köppen? Ehara i te mea ka āwhina noa tēnei pūnaha i ngā kaipūtaiao ki te mahere i te āhuarangi o te ao me te tātari i te huringa āhuarangi engari he maha hoki ngā whakamahinga mahi. Anei ētahi tauira:
1. Ahuwhenua
He mea nui te mōhio ki te āhuarangi o tētahi rohe mō te ahuwhenua. Ka taea e ngā kaipāmu te mārama ko ēhea ngā hua ka tupu pai i roto i tō rātou āhuarangi.
2. Tūruhi
Ka taea e te rāngai tūruhi te whakamahere rautaki hokohoko me te whakawhanake i ngā wāhi tūruhi i runga i te āhuarangi. Hei tauira, ko ngā rohe he āhuarangi Mediterranean pea he pai mō te tūruhi i te tau katoa.
3. Te Whakawhanaketanga Tāone
He āwhina ngā mōhiohio āhuarangi ki te whakamahere tāone me ngā hanganga e ātete ana ki ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi ahurei o te rohe. Hei tauira, me hanga e ngā wāhi he nui te ua he pūnaha waikeri whai hua hei ārai i te waipuke.
4. Hauora Tūmatanui
He maha ngā mate e pāngia ana e te āhuarangi. Hei tauira, ko ngā rohe he āhuarangi pārūrū he nui ake te mōrearea ki ngā mate pārūrū pērā i te malaria me te kirika dengue.
Whakamutunga
He taputapu kaha, he taputapu whānui hoki te Pūnaha Whakarōpū Āhuarangi a Köppen mō te whakarōpū i ngā āhuarangi rerekē o te ao i runga i te pāmahana me te ua. Mā te mārama ki ngā momo kāwai me ngā kāwai iti i roto i tēnei pūnaha ka āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ki te pānga o te āhuarangi ki te taiao me te oranga tangata. Ka horapa ōna tono ki ngā wāhanga pērā i te ahuwhenua, te tūruhi, te noho tāone, me te hauora tūmatanui, ka waiho hei wāhanga nui i roto i te whakamahere me te whakahaere rauemi, tae atu ki te whakaiti i te huringa āhuarangi. Nō reira, ehara te Whakarōpūtanga Köppen i te anga ariā anake engari he taputapu mahi nui hoki i roto i te ao hurihuri.
