Te Ariā Mahi a John Searle: Te Huaki i ngā Ahu o te Reo me te Ao Tūturu
Ko John Searle tētahi o ngā tohunga whakaaro rongonui o nāianei, kua whakawhanakehia e ia tētahi tirohanga pūnaha mō ngā āhuatanga maha o te rapunga whakaaro, tae atu ki te reo, te hinengaro, me te mooni pāpori. Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a Searle ko tana ariā mahi, e tūhura hohonu ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te reo me te mooni. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e tātou te ariā mahi a John Searle, ōna takenga mai, ngā ariā matua, me ōna pānga ki tō tātou māramatanga ki te reo me te mooni pāpori.
Te Papamuri ki te Rapunga Whakaaro Mahi a Searle
I whānau mai a John Searle i te tau 1932 i te Hononga o Amerika, ā, i whiwhi ia i tana tohu PhD mai i Te Whare Wānanga o Oxford. E kitea nuitia ana te awe o te rapunga whakaaro tātari o te reo, inā koa ngā mahi a J.L. Austin rāua ko Ludwig Wittgenstein, i roto i ngā mahi a Searle. I roto i tana pukapuka, "Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language" (1969), ka whakawhānui ake a Searle i te ariā a Austin mō ngā "mahi kōrero" i roto i tētahi huarahi pūnaha me te whānui ake.
He mahi te mahi kōrero mā te whakapuaki kupu. Hei tauira, mā te kī "Ka oati ahau," ehara i te mea ka kōrero noa te tangata i ngā kupu engari ka mahi anō hoki i te mahi oati. He mahi nui tēnei mahi kōrero i roto i ngā taunekeneke pāpori, ā, ka taea e te tangata te kōrero me te waihanga i ngā momo āhua o te ao pāpori.
Hanganga Taketake o ngā Mahi Kōrero
E toru ngā wāhanga matua o ngā mahi kōrero e tautuhia ana e Searle: te whaikōrero, te whaikōrero, me te whaikōrero. Ko ēnei wāhanga e toru te hanganga taketake e whakamārama ana i te mahi a te reo hei taputapu mō te whakahaere i ngā mahi pāpori.
1. Te Mahi Whakapuaki: Koinei te mahi o te whakapuaki kupu he tikanga motuhake. Hei tauira, ina kī tetahi "Kei te ua," ko tā rātou mahi whakapuaki he whakapuaki i tētahi rerenga kōrero me te tikanga kei te ua.
2. Te Mahi Whakapuaki: Koinei te mahi i tētahi mea mā te whakapuaki kupu. I roto i te tauira "Kei te ua," ko te mahi whakapuaki he whakarato i ngā kōrero ki te kaiwhakarongo mō ngā āhuatanga o te rangi.
3. Te Mahi Whakapuaki: Koinei te pānga o ngā kupu e kōrerotia ana ki te kaiwhakarongo. Hei tauira, ka rongo te kaiwhakarongo i te "Kei te ua" ka whakatau pea ia ki te kawe mai i tētahi maru, ki te whakaaro anō rānei ki āna mahere.
Mā te wehewehe i ēnei taha e toru, ka whakaratohia e Searle tētahi anga matatau ake mō te mārama me pēhea te reo ehara i te mea he taputapu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero anake, engari he taputapu anō hoki hei whakaputa i ngā mahi pāpori tūturu.
Te Whakarōpūtanga o ngā Mahi Whakamārama
I whakawhanakehia anō e Searle te whakarōpūtanga o ngā mahi whaikōrero kia rima ngā wāhanga matua, he rerekē te mahi me te kaupapa o ia wāhanga i roto i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero:
1. Māngai: Ko te whāinga o tēnei mahi he whakaatu i tētahi āhuatanga, i tētahi meka rānei. Hei tauira, ko ngā kōrero, ko ngā pūrongo rānei.
2. Tohutohu: Ko te whāinga o tēnei mahi he akiaki i tētahi atu rōpū ki te mahi i tētahi mea. Hei tauira, ko ngā tono, ko ngā whakahau, ko ngā whakaaro rānei.
3. Whakahau: Kei roto i tēnei mahi te whakapau kaha a te kaikōrero ki te mahi i tētahi mea ā muri ake nei. Hei tauira, ko te oati, ko te tuku rānei.
4. Whakaaturanga: Ko te whāinga o tēnei mahi he whakapuaki i ngā kare ā-roto, i ngā waiaro rānei o te kaikōrero. Hei tauira, ko ngā whakapuakitanga whakawhetai, ngā whakapāha, ngā mihi nui rānei.
5. Whakapuakitanga: Ka puta he panonitanga o te mana, o te ao pāpori rānei i tēnei mahi mā te kōrero noa iho. Hei tauira, ko te marena i tētahi hoa rangatira, te whakatakoto whiu, te rihaina rānei.
Te Whakaaroaro me te Mahi Hinengaro o te Reo
Ko tētahi o ngā ariā matua o te ariā mahi a Searle ko te whakaaro nui, te āhuatanga o ngā whakaaro me ngā kōrero e ārahi ana i a rātou ki ngā mea, ki ngā āhua rānei o te ao. E kite ana a Searle i te reo hei toronga atu i te kaha o te tangata ki te whakaaro nui, arā, ko ngā whakaaro e pā ana ki tētahi mea, e pā ana rānei ki tētahi mea.
Ki tā Searle tirohanga, he hononga tata ngā mahi reo ki ō tātou hanganga hinengaro. Hei tauira, ina oati tetahi, ehara i te mea he kupu noa iho tā rātou e whakapuaki ana, engari he whakaaro hinengaro motuhake anō hoki mō te heke mai. E kī ana tēnei kāore e taea te mārama motuhake ki te reo mai i ngā hanganga hinengaro me ngā mahi a te tangata.
Te Ao Tūmatanui
He whānui hoki ngā pānga o te ariā mahi a Searle ki tō tātou māramatanga ki te ao pāpori. I roto i tana pukapuka "The Construction of Social Reality" (1995), i whakaaro a Searle he maha ngā āhuatanga o tō tātou ao pāpori e hangaia ana mā roto i ngā mahi reo. I tapaina e ia tēnei ariā ko "ngā meka ā-pūnaha," tae atu ki ngā mea pēnei i te moni, te taonga, me ngā momo mana me ngā tikanga pāpori.
Ka wehewehea ngā meka ā-pūnaha mai i ngā meka whānui, arā, ngā meka e noho motuhake ana i ngā whakapono, i ngā mahi rānei a te tangata, pērā i ngā maunga, i ngā aorangi rānei. Ko ngā meka ā-pūnaha, i tētahi atu taha, ka whakawhirinaki ki te whakaaetanga ā-rōpū me te whakamahinga o te reo. Hei tauira, he uara anake te moni nā te mea he whakaae ā-pāpori he uara tōna. E whakaatu ana tēnei he mahi nui tā te reo ki te waihanga me te pupuri i ngā hanganga pāpori uaua.
Te Arotake me te Whakawhanaketanga
Pērā i te maha o ngā ariā rapunga whakaaro, kāore i mawhiti te ariā a Searle mō ngā mahi kōrero i te whakahē. E kī ana ētahi kairīti he nui rawa te whakanui a Searle i te tūranga o te reo i roto i te waihanga i te ao pāpori, me te wareware i ētahi atu āhuatanga pēnei i te mana me ngā hanganga rauemi. I tua atu, kua tautohetia kāore te whakarōpūtanga a Searle i ngā mahi kōrero e tino hopu ana i te uaua me te kanorau o ngā mahi whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i roto i te mahi.
Ahakoa ēnei whakahē, he mea nui tonu ngā takoha a Searle, ā, kua akiakihia e rātou ngā rangahau maha i muri mai mō te rapunga whakaaro o te reo me ngā pūtaiao pāpori. Nā āna mahi i puta ai te whānuitanga o ngā kōrero me ngā whanaketanga ariā, tae atu ki ngā tātaritanga mō te awe o te hangarau matihiko me te pāpāho pāpori ki te huarahi e whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ai tātou, e hanga ana hoki i te ao pāpori.
Whakamutunga
Mā te ariā mahi a John Searle ka kitea he māramatanga hōhonu mō te korenga o te reo hei taputapu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero anake, engari he tikanga anō hoki mō te waihanga me te mārama ki te ao pāpori. Mā te wehewehe i ngā mahi reo ki ngā wāhanga matua pērā i te whaikōrero, te whaikōrero, me te whaikōrero, me te whakarōpū i ngā mahi whaikōrero ki ngā momo kāwai, ka whakaratohia e Searle he anga whānui mō te tātari me te mārama ki ngā momo taunekeneke pāpori.
Ko ngā ariā o te whakaaro nui me ngā meka ā-pūnaha i roto i ngā mahi a Searle ka whakawhānui ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te hinengaro, te reo, me te ao pāpori. Ahakoa te whakahē, kei te whai tikanga tonu ēnei whakaaro, ā, he tūāpapa nui mō te rangahau me te matapaki i roto i te rapunga whakaaro o nāianei. Nō reira, ko te ariā mahi a John Searle ehara i te mea ka whakarei ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki te reo me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero engari ka whakarato hoki i tētahi taputapu tātari kaha mō te tūhura me te mārama ki ngā uauatanga o te ao pāpori.
