Te Tirohanga a te Whaihua mō te Whiu
Ko te whai huatanga tētahi o ngā ariā matatika tino whai mana i roto i te rapunga whakaaro matatika me te tōrangapū o ēnei rā. He māmā noa iho tōna kaupapa matua: he tika te mahi ki te nui o te pai, te harikoa rānei e puta mai ana mō te tini o te tangata. Ina whakamahia ki te take o te whiu, ka tukuna e te whai huatanga tētahi tirohanga ahurei, he rerekē i te ariā o te whiu hei "utu" hei "whakautu tika rānei." I roto i te anga whai huatanga, kāore e tika te whiu nā te mea "e tika ana kia mamae te kaihara," engari nā te mea e tumanakohia ana ka puta he hua pai mō te hapori whānui.
Te Whakaaro Taketake o te Whaihua
Ko ngā kaitautoko matua o te kaupapa whai hua tawhito ko Jeremy Bentham rāua ko John Stuart Mill . I tīmata a Bentham i te whakaaro ko te tangata e rapu ana i te ahuareka me te karo i te mamae. Nō reira, me whakarite te matatika tūmatanui—tae atu ki te ture taihara—kia nui ake ai te harikoa me te whakaiti i te mamae. Ahakoa i whakawhanakehia e Mill te kaupapa whai hua mā te whakanui i te kounga o te harikoa , ehara i te rahinga anake, i whakaae rāua ko ngā hua pāpori te mea nui ki te whakatau matatika.
I roto i te horopaki o te ture taihara, e titiro ana te kaupapa whai hua ki te kāwanatanga hei umanga kua whakamanahia ki te whakamahi i te akiaki (tae atu ki te whiu) mō tētahi kaupapa pāpori nui ake. Heoi, me whakamātautau tetahi whakamahinga o te akiaki: he nui ake te painga i te kino, i te mamae rānei e pā mai ana?
Te Whiu hei Huarahi, Ehara i te Mutunga
Ko te tirohanga nui a te kaupapa whai hua mō te whiu ko tōna āhua taputapu. He huarahi te whiu hei whakatutuki i ētahi whāinga pāpori, ehara i te mutunga iho. Ehara te mamae e pā ana ki te hunga i whakahengia i te "pai," engari he utu ka taea anake te whakamana mena ka puta he pai nui ake. Nō reira, ko te kaupapa whai hua he whakahē ki te whiu e whakaatu noa ana i te kare ā-roto, pērā i ngā whiu tino kino hei whakamātau i te riri o te marea.
I kī anō a Bentham, ko te whiu ka puta mai te "kino" i ngā wā katoa nā te mea ka puta te mamae. Nō reira, he tika anake te whiu mēnā ka taea te ārai i te kino nui atu. Mai i tēnei ka puta he mātāpono nui: kaua e whiua te whiu mēnā kāore he hua.
Te Kaupapa o te Whiu e ai ki te Whakamahinga Whaihua
I roto i te anga mahi, he maha ngā take matua o te whiu e kōrerohia ana.
1. Te aukati
Ko te ārai te whakaaro whai hua tino rongonui. Ko te whiu he whakaiti i te hara mā te aukati i te tangata kei takahi i te ture. Ka taea te ārai whānui (te aukati i te hapori whānui kei mahi hara nā te mea kua kitea ngā hua) te ārai motuhake rānei (te aukati i te tangata hara kotahi kei mahi anō i ā rātou mahi). Mena he mārama, he tino pono, he ōrite hoki te riri o te whiu, ka aromatawaihia e ngā tāngata hara pea ngā mōrearea, ā, ka whiriwhiri kia kaua e mahi hara.
Engari me tūpato anō hoki te whai huatanga. Tērā pea ka whakaoho te whiu nui i te wehi, engari ki te tino kino rawa, ka taea te whakatupu mamae nui ki te hapori, te whakaiti i te mana o te ture, ā, ka whakaoho anō hoki i te tutu. Nō reira, ehara i te mea ko te "kaha ake, ko te pai ake," engari ko te "whai huatanga o te whiu me te iti rawa o te utu hapori."
2. Te korenga o te kaha
Ko te tikanga o te kore e taea te mahi he whakawhāiti i te kaha o te tangata hara ki te mahi i tētahi atu hara, hei tauira mā te mauherehere. He tika tēnei mēnā he nui te mōrearea o te tangata hara ki te mahi anō i tētahi hara, ā, mēnā ka whakaitihia e te herenga te kino nui atu ki te marea. Mai i te tirohanga whai hua, ehara te mauherehere i te utu matatika, engari he tikanga tiaki mō te hapori.
Heoi, ka pātai pea ngā tāngata whai hua ki te uara o ngā whiunga roa rawa mēnā he iti te painga tāpiri. Mēnā kāore te tangata hara e tūkinotia ana i muri i ētahi tau, ko te whakaroa i te mauheretanga ka tāpiri noa i te mamae me ngā utu, engari kāore he painga e rite ana.
3. Whakaoraora
He tino hononga te whakaoranga ki te whai huatanga nā te mea ko tōna whāinga he whakarerekē i te whanonga o te tangata hara kia kore ai e hara anō, kia hoki ai ki te noho hei mema whai hua o te hapori. Ka taea te kī he whai hua ngā kaupapa mātauranga, te whakangungu mahi, te whakaora i te waranga, me te tohutohu mēnā ka whakaitihia te mahi anō, ka whakapai ake hoki i te oranga hapori mō te wā roa.
Ki ngā tāngata whai hua, he rua ngā painga o te whakaoranga angitu: ka tiakina ngā tāngata whai pānga ā muri ake nei, ā, ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te tangata hara ki te ora. Heoi anō, ka arotakehia hoki e ngā tāngata whai hua te whakaoranga mā te whai tikanga: me whai hua ngā kaupapa, me whai kaupapa tika, kaua e moumou rauemi ka taea te whakamahi mō ngā matea pāpori nui ake.
4. Te Whakahoki me te Whakaora i ngā Pāngia
Ahakoa kāore i te whakahuatia i ngā wā katoa i roto i te ariā whai hua o mua, ko ngā whakaaro mō ngā utu mō ngā patunga—pērā i te utu, te takawaenga whiu, te tika whakaora rānei—ka taea te tautoko kaha mai i te ariā whai hua. Mena ka whakaitihia te mamae e ngā utu mō ngā patunga, ka whakatikahia ngā kino, ka ārai i ngā pakanga anō, kāti he nui ngā painga pāpori. Ko ngā whiu e aro ana ki ngā utu ka taea te noho hei huarahi "whai hua" ake i te mauherehere i ētahi wā.
Te Mātāpono o te Whakawhāiti i te Whiu: Kaua e Mahi i te Mea e Hiahiatia Ana
Nā te mea he momo mamae "utu nui" te whiu, ka whakawhanakehia e te kaupapa whai hua ētahi herenga paerewa. Me:
1. Pūmau, pumau: kia ārai pai ai i ngā takahi ture.
2. Te ōritetanga whai hua: ehara i te mea he ōrite te tauhohenga, engari he ōrite ki te hiahia mō te ārai me te tiaki i te marea.
3. Whakaōrite: ki te whai hua ngā whiu māmā, kāore e taea te whakamana i ngā whiu taumaha.
4. Kore whakahāwea: ka nui ake te mamae i puta mai i te whakahāwea, ā, ka kino te whakawhirinakitanga pāpori, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā painga whānui.
Nō reira, ko te kaupapa whai hua ka tautoko i ngā whakahoutanga o te pūnaha whakawā e whakaiti ana i ngā whiu kore whai hua, e whakaiti ana i te kīkī o te whare herehere, ā, e whakakapi ana i te mauherehere ki ngā whiu rerekē i ngā wā katoa e taea ai.
Arotake i te Whaihuatanga i roto i te Whiu
Ahakoa te āhua whaitake o te whakaaro nui ki ngā mahi whai hua, ka tino whakahēhia te kaupapa whiu ina whakamahia.
Tuatahi, ka taea e te kaupapa whai hua te whakamana i ngā mahi e kiia ana he hē, pērā i te whiu i te hunga harakore mēnā he pānga ārai nui, ā, ka ārai i te kino pāpori. I roto i te mahi ture o ēnei rā, ko ngā mātāpono o te whakaaro harakore me te tukanga tika he mea hei ārai i aua hua. Ko te tikanga, ka whakautu ngā kaiāwhina whai hua ko te pūnaha e whakaae ana ki te whiu i te hunga harakore ka whakararu i te whakawhirinaki o te marea, ā, ka whakaiti i te oranga, engari e whakaatu ana tēnei whakahē i te taupatupatu i waenga i te whai hua me te tika o ngā mahi.
Tuarua, he uaua te ine i ngā "painga" me ngā "kino". Me pēhea tātou e aromatawai ai i te mamae o ngā tāngata i pāngia, i ngā kaihara, i ō rātou whānau, me te pānga pāpori mō te wā roa? Mena he hē ngā inenga, ka hē pea ngā kaupapa here whiu: he ngāwari rawa, ā, kāore e taea te aukati i te hara, he tino kino rawa rānei, ā, ka nui ake te kino o te pāpori.
Tuatoru, ko te whai huatanga o te tangata ka tūpono ki te kore e aro ki te taha matatika o ngā tika takitahi. Mēnā ka tirohia ngā tāngata takitahi hei huarahi anake ki te harikoa o te nuinga, ka taea te whakararu i ngā tika taketake. Koia te take e whakakotahi ai ngā pūnaha ture hou i ngā whakaaro whai hua (te aukati i te hara) me ngā mātāpono deontological ( ngā tika tangata me te tika tukanga).
Te Hiranga o te Whaihua mō ngā Kaupapahere Taihara o ēnei rā
Ahakoa ngā whakahē, he tino hira te whai huatanga o te kaupapa here whiu o ēnei rā. Ko ngā aromatawai e ahu mai ana i ngā taunakitanga—hei tauira, te rangahau mō te whai huatanga o ngā whiunga herehere, ngā kaupapa whakaora, ngā whiu rerekē rānei—e hangai ana ki te wairua whai huatanga: te whiriwhiri i ngā kaupapa here e whakaiti ana i te hara me te mamae nui. He maha ngā kaupapa here hou, pērā i te hurihanga mō ngā hara iti, ngā kaupapa whakaora tarukino, me te tika whakaora, ka taea te mārama hei whakamahinga o te mātāpono o te whai huatanga.
I tēnei wā, ka akiaki te kaupapa whai hua i te kāwanatanga kia pātai pono ki a ia anō: mā te whiu e pā ana ki te mahi ka whakaitihia te hara, mā te whakakino pāpori rānei, mā te pakaru o ngā hononga whānau, me te katinga o ngā whai wāhitanga mahi? Mena he nui ake ngā pānga kino o te whiu i ngā painga, ka tautohe te kaupapa whai hua me whakarerekē te kaupapa here.
Whakamutunga
Ko te tirohanga whai hua mō te whiu e whakanui ana ko te whiu he tika noa iho i te taha matatika mēnā ka puta he painga pāpori nui atu i te mamae e puta mai ana. E māramahia ana te whiu hei huarahi ārai, hei tiaki hapori, hei whakaora, hei whakaora i te hunga i pāngia - ehara i te mea he utu. Nō reira, ka akiakihia e te whai hua ngā kaupapa here whiu whai hua, taurite, me te taunakitanga, me te whakamahara anō hoki i a tātou ko te whiu he "utu matatika" me whakahaere.
Heoi anō, kei te pāngia anō hoki te kaupapa whai hua e ngā wero: te patunga pea o te tika takitahi hei painga mō te nuinga me te uauatanga o te ine tika i ngā painga. I roto i te mahi, he tino kaha te huarahi whai hua ina honoa ki te tiaki i ngā tika tangata me ngā tikanga ture tika. Mā tēnei taurite, ka taea e te kaupapa whai hua te noho hei tūāpapa nui mō te hoahoa i tētahi pūnaha whiu atawhai me te whai hua ake mō te oranga o te hapori.
