Te Ariā o te Herekore Tōrangapū a John Stuart Mill
Ko John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) tētahi o ngā kaitātari rīpera tino whai mana i roto i te hītori o te rapunga whakaaro tōrangapū hou. Kāore i te hanga noa ōna whakaaro mō te herekore i te tikanga tuku iho o te rīpera tawhito, engari i whakatakoto hoki i tētahi turanga nui mō ngā kōrero o nāianei mō ngā tika takitahi, ngā rohe o te mana kāwanatanga, me te whanaungatanga i waenga i te herekore me te manapori. I roto i tana mahi rongonui, On Liberty (1859), i whakawhanakehia e Mill tētahi ariā mō te herekore tōrangapū i runga i te whakapono ko te herekore takitahi he mea nui mō te ahunga whakamua matatika, hinengaro, me te pāpori o te hapori. Heoi, ko te herekore i whakaarohia e Mill ehara i te herekore mutunga kore, engari ko te herekore e whakahaerehia ana e ētahi mātāpono e ārai ana i te kino ki ētahi atu.
Te papamuri o ngā whakaaro o Mill
I noho a Mill i te wā e pāngia ana a Ingarangi e ngā panonitanga nui nā te ahumahi, te noho tāone, me te aranga ake o te manapori māngai. Nā ēnei panonitanga i waihanga he whai wāhitanga hou mō te whai wāhi ki te ao tōrangapū, engari i waihanga hoki i te mōrearea o te mana whakahaere o te nuinga ki runga i ngā iwi tokoiti. I kite a Mill kāore i puta noa mai ngā tūmomo whakawehi ki te herekoretanga i te mana whakahaere, engari i ahu mai anō hoki i ngā whakaaro o te marea me ngā tikanga pāpori e pēhi ana i ngā tāngata takitahi kia whai i a rātou anō. Nō reira, ki tā Mill, me mārama te herekoretanga tōrangapū hei mahi ki te tiaki i ngā tāngata takitahi mai i te "mana whakahaere a te rangatira" me te "mana whakahaere a te nuinga."
I roto i tēnei horopaki, i whakawhanakehia e Mill te tautohe ko te hapori hauora he hapori e āhei ai te kanorau, te whakamātautau i te momo noho, me te herekoretanga o te whakaaro. Ehara i te mea he tika whaiaro noa iho te herekoretanga, engari he tikanga pāpori hoki mō te hura i te pono me te whakapai ake i te kounga o te oranga ngātahi.
Te Mātāpono Kino
Ko te kaupapa matua o te ariā o Mill mō te herekoretanga e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te mātāpono kino. I kī a Mill ko te take tika anake mō te kāwanatanga, mō te hapori rānei ki te whakawhāiti i te herekoretanga takitahi, ko te ārai i te kino ki ētahi atu. Arā, kāore e taea te akiaki, te whakahaere, te whiu rānei i te tangata mō tōna ake pai anake, mō te whakaaro ki ngā tikanga matatika a te iwi whānui, mō ngā take matua rānei.
I whakahē a Mill i te whakaaro ka taea e te kāwanatanga te akiaki i ngā tāngata kia "noho pai ake" i runga i ngā paerewa o te nuinga. Mena ko rātou anake te pānga o ngā mahi a te tangata, he take tūmataiti. Engari, ki te mea ka pā kino aua mahi ki ētahi atu—hei tauira, te tutu, te tinihanga, te takahi rānei i ngā tika—kātahi ka tika te wawao a te kāwanatanga.
He mea nui tēnei mātāpono nā te mea e whakatakoto ana i ngā rohe mārama mō te mana o te kāwanatanga me te hapori. Kaua te kāwanatanga e noho hei "matua" ki ōna tāngata whenua, kaua hoki te matatika pāpori e noho hei taputapu tukino. Heoi anō, i whakaae anō a Mill he uaua te whakatau he aha te mea e kiia ana he "kino". Ka taea e te pānga o ngā mahi takitahi te kore ā-tikanga, ā, he maha ngā wā ka honoa te matatika ki ngā pātai e pā ana ki te iwi whānui. Ahakoa rā, ko te mātāpono kino tonu te paearu kaha mō te whakamātautau mēnā he tika, he nui rawa rānei te herekoretanga.
Te herekore o te whakaaro me te whakapuaki whakaaro
Ki tā Mill, kāore e taea te herekore tōrangapū me te kore he herekore whakaaro me te herekore whakapuaki whakaaro. I tautohe ia he kino ki te tangata te whakamutu i ngā whakaaro, ahakoa he teka. He maha ngā take mō tēnei.
Tuatahi, tera pea he pono te whakaaro kua pehia. Mena koinā, ka ngaro te whai wāhi a te hapori ki te whakatika i ngā hapa kua roa e puritia ana. Tuarua, ahakoa he teka te whakaaro, ka noho tonu he whai hua nā te mea ka akiaki i ngā tirohanga tika kia whakamatautauria, kia tiakina, kia māramahia hoki i runga i te whakaaro tika, kaua e whakaaetia noa hei kaupapa whakapono. Ki te kore he tautohetohe, ka noho te pono hei tikanga tuku iho noa iho.
Nō reira, i whakahē a Mill i te aukati a te kāwanatanga me ngā pēhanga pāpori e whakatenatena ana i te wahangu. Ki tāna titiro, ko te herekoretanga o te whakapuaki whakaaro te miihini matua o te ahunga whakamua: ka whanake te hapori mā te whakahē, te kōrero, me te tautohetohe whakaaro. Ehara i te mea ko te tiaki i te kaikorero takitahi anake tēnei herekoretanga engari ko te mahi hoki mō te painga o te marea.
Te herekoretanga takitahi me ngā "whakamātautau ora"
I whakanuia anō hoki e Mill te hiranga o te herekoretanga o te tangata takitahi ki te ora i te ao e pai ana ki a ia, mena kāore e whara i ētahi atu. I tapaina e ia tēnei herekoretanga he wāhi mō ngā whakamātautau i te ao. He rerekē te āhua, te pūkenga, me ngā whāinga o ia tangata; nō reira, kaua te hapori e whakatakoto i tētahi tauira kotahi o te ao ki te katoa.
E pā ana tēnei whakaaro ki te whakapono a Mill, ko te kanorau te pūtake o te ahunga whakamua. Ina whakaaetia e te hapori ngā tāngata takitahi ki te whakamātau i ngā momo huarahi noho, ka taea e rātou te ako ko ēhea te mea pai ake, te mea whai hua ake, me te mea atawhai tangata ake. Ehara i te mea ko te "tika ki te whiriwhiri" anake te herekoretanga, engari ko te tukanga hanga-ake me te whakatutukitanga o te mana motuhake. Ka whanake ngā tāngata takitahi herekore hei tāngata pakeke, ā, ko ngā tāngata pakeke te tūāpapa o tētahi hapori manapori hauora.
Te herekoretanga tōrangapū me te manapori: te riri o te mana tukino a te nuinga
I tautoko a Mill i te manapori māngai, engari kāore ia i wareware i ōna tūponotanga. Ka taea e te manapori te huri hei kāwanatanga tukino mēnā ka whakamahia e te nuinga tōna mana ki te pehi i ngā tokoiti, i ngā tāngata whakahē rānei. Nō reira, me uru ki te herekoretanga tōrangapū te tiaki i ngā tokoiti, ahakoa tōrangapū, whakapono, ahurea rānei.
I kite a Mill kāore te tukino e puta tonu mai i te ture. He maha ngā wā ka kitea i roto i ngā tikanga pāpori: te pēhanga kia whai i ngā tikanga a te nuinga, te whakakino i ngā tirohanga rerekē, te aukati rānei i ētahi momo noho. Koinei tana i kī ai ko te "manapori pāpori." I roto i ēnei āhuatanga, kāore pea te kāwanatanga e aukati ture, engari ka tata kore e taea te herekore e te hapori.
Nō reira, ko te herekore tōrangapū i roto i te tikanga a Mill e hiahia ana ki tētahi ahurea tūmatanui manawanui, te whakaute i te rerekētanga, me ngā umanga e ārai ana i te mana o tētahi rōpū ki runga i tētahi atu. Me haere tahi te manapori me te tiaki i ngā tika tangata, te herekore o te pāpāho, me te herekore ki te whakauru.
Te tūranga o te mātauranga me te kounga o te whai wāhi ki te ao tōrangapū
Kāore a Mill i mārama ki te herekoretanga he "kore ārai noa iho," engari he kaha hoki o te tangata whenua ki te whakamahi i taua herekoretanga me te kawenga. I whakapono ia he mahi rautaki tā te mātauranga ki te whakawhanake i ngā tāngata whenua whai whakaaro nui, arohaehae hoki e kaha ana ki te whai wāhi ki te ao tōrangapū. Ko te herekoretanga tōrangapū hauora e hiahia ana ki tētahi hapori kua taunga ki te whakaaroaro, ki te matapaki, me te aromatawai i ngā kaupapa here mā te tautohetohe.
I roto i ētahi o āna tuhinga, i whakanui anō a Mill me taurite te whai wāhi whānui ki te ao tōrangapū me te kounga pai ake o te whakaaroaro. I wehi ia kei ngāwari te whakarerekē i te manapori e ahu mai ana i te maha o ngā pōti me te kore mātauranga tūmatanui e ngā whakatairanga, e ngā hiahia poto rānei. Nō reira, ki a Mill, ehara i te mea he tikanga pōti anake te herekoretanga tōrangapū, engari ko te kaha hoki o ngā tāngata whenua ki te aromatawai i ngā take me te whakaaro nui.
Ngā rohe o te herekoretanga e ai ki a Mill
Ahakoa e mōhiotia ana ko ia te toa o te herekoretanga, kāore a Mill i tautoko i te herekoretanga tuturu. Ka taea te whakamana i ngā here mena ka tino whakawehi ngā mahi a te tangata i ētahi atu. Hei tauira, ka taea te whakawhāiti i te herekoretanga o te kōrero mena ka huri hei whakaoho tika i te tutu tūturu me te tutu e tata mai ana. Waihoki, kaua te herekoretanga o te kirimana, o te pakihi rānei e whakamana i te tinihanga, te tukino nui, ngā mahi rānei e takahi ana i ngā tika taketake o ētahi atu.
Heoi anō, i whakahē tonu a Mill i ngā here i ahu mai i te whakaaro "kia pai ake ai te tangata" mā te kaha. Ki tāna titiro, ehara te pai i puta mai i te kaha i te pono; he ngohengohe noa iho, kāore he mana motuhake. He tikanga te herekore mō te tipu matatika, ehara i te arai ki tēnā.
Te hiranga o ngā whakaaro o Mill i ēnei rā
Kei te whai tikanga tonu te ariā a Mill mō te herekore tōrangapū i roto i ngā tautohetohe o ēnei rā: mō te herekore ki te whakapuaki whakaaro i te ao pāpāho pāpori, ngā herenga o te whakatoi me te kōrero mauahara, te kaupapa here hauora tūmatanui, me te whanaungatanga i waenga i te matatika o te nuinga me ngā tika o te hunga tokoiti. I roto i te maha o ngā whenua manapori, ko te wero matua ki te herekoretanga ehara i te aukati whaimana, engari ko te wehewehe, te pēhanga pāpori, me te "kōti whakaaro tūmatanui" e whakawhāiti ana i te wāhi mō te kōrero.
I whakamahara mai a Mill ki a tātou, ehara te manapori pakari i te mea kotahi, engari he mea e whakaae ana ki ngā rerekētanga. Ehara i te mea ko te herekoretanga tōrangapū he tiaki i ngā tāngata takitahi mai i te kāwanatanga anake, engari he tiaki anō hoki i te mana whakahaere pāpori—mai i te hiahia o te nuinga kia ōrite te katoa.
Whakamutunga
Ko te ariā o John Stuart Mill mō te herekore tōrangapū e aro ana ki te tiaki i te tangata takitahi, mā te kaupapa kino, e whakawhāiti ana i te mana o te kāwanatanga me te wawaotanga hapori. I whakanui a Mill i te herekore o te whakaaro, te herekore o te whakapuaki whakaaro, me te herekore ki te whai i ngā "whakamātautau ora" hei whakaritenga mō te ahunga whakamua o te tangata me te kounga o te manapori. I whakatūpato anō hoki ia ko ngā tūmomo whakawehi ki te herekoretanga ehara i te mea nā ngā kāwanatanga nanakia anake engari nā te pēhanga o te nuinga me ngā tikanga pāpori e tono ana kia ōrite. Nō reira, e whakaako ana te whakaaro o Mill ko te herekore tōrangapū tūturu ko te mea e āhei ai te tangata ki te whanake hei takitahi—me te pupuri tonu i te kawenga ki te karo i te whara i ētahi atu.
