Te Tikanga o te Ao Tūturu e ai ki a Thomas Aquinas
He maha ngā wā ka tīmata ngā kōrero mō te "mooni" i roto i te rapunga whakaaro mai i tētahi pātai māmā engari he mea nui: he aha te mea e noho ana, ā, me pēhea tātou e mōhio ai he mea tūturu tētahi mea? Ki tā Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), he tohunga whakapono me te tohunga whakaaro whai mana o te wā waenga, ehara te mooni i te mea e kitea ana e ngā kare ā-roto, ehara hoki i te whakaaro noa iho i roto i te hinengaro. Ko te mooni he "noho" (ens) he turanga pakari tōna, he hanganga i ngā wāhanga, ā, i te mutunga ka hoki ki te Atua hei Mea tino tika. Mā te whakakotahitanga o te whakaaro o Aristotle me te whakapono Karaitiana, ka tukuna e Aquinas tētahi tirohanga tūturu: kei waho o ō tātou hinengaro te ao e noho ana, e mōhiotia ana, ā, he hanganga tikanga kua whakaritea.
1. Te Ao Tūturu hei "nohoanga" (ens)
Ko te mea nui ki te mārama ki a Aquinas ko te ariā o te noho (ens). Ki a ia, ko te mooni he mea "noho" i roto i te tikanga ontological: he mea he oranga. Heoi, kāore e mārama katoatia te "noho". E wehewehe ana a Aquinas i waenga i te mauri (he aha te mea) me te oranga (kei te noho tetahi mea). Hei tauira, kei te hōiho te mauri "hōiho" - he hanganga taiao e hanga ana i a ia hei hōiho. Engari ehara taua mauri i te kī tonu kei te noho tonu te hōiho; ko te mauri me te oranga he mea e rua e taea te wehewehe i roto i ngā mea hanga.
He mea nui tēnei wehewehenga i waenga i te mauri me te oranga nā te mea ka āwhina i a Aquinas ki te whakamārama he aha ngā mea hanga e noho pūmau ana: ka taea e rātou te noho, kāore rānei e taea e rātou te noho. I roto i ngā mea hanga, kāore te mauri i te ōrite ki te oranga; nō reira, me whai take rātou e homai ai ki a rātou tō rātou noho.
2. Te ao tūturu me te mātauranga tangata
He maha ngā wā e honoa ana a Aquinas ki te ao tūturu ngāwari. I whakahē ia i te tirohanga he ingoa kau noa iho ngā ao whānui (hei tauira, "tangata," "tika") (nominalism), engari kāore hoki ia i whakaae kei te noho motuhake ngā ao whānui i ngā mea, pērā i te Platonism tino nui. I mārama a Aquinas he pūtake kei ngā ao whānui i roto i te ao tūturu, engari e mōhio ana tātou ki a rātou mā te tukanga tangohanga mai i ngā wheako pārongo.
Ko te tikanga o tēnei, he tino tūturu te ao tūturu; ehara i te mea he mānukanuka. Mā roto i ō tātou kare ā-roto e rima ka kitea te ao. Engari kāore te whakaaro e mutu ki ngā raraunga kare ā-roto—ka whakamārama, ka whakarite, ka tango i te mauri whānui mai i te mea motuhake. Ina tirohia e tātou te tini o te tangata, ka taea e te whakaaro te hopu i te "mauri tangata" whānui. Nō reira, ki a Aquinas, ko te mātauranga tangata e ahu mai ana i te mooni tūturu, engari me mahi te whakaaro kia mārama ai tōna tikanga hohonu.
3. Te hanganga o te ao tūroa: te mauri, ngā aituā, me te huringa
I a Aristotle, ka wehewehe a Aquinas i te matū me ngā aituā. Ko te matū he mea e noho ana i roto i a ia anō—hei tauira, "he tangata" hei kaupapa motuhake. Ko ngā aituā he āhuatanga e "piri" ana ki tētahi matū—hei tauira, te teitei, te tae kiri, te tūnga noho rānei. Ka taea ngā huringa te puta i te taumata o ngā aituā me te kore e whakarerekē i te matū: ka taea e te tangata te whakarerekē i tōna makawe, i tōna taumaha rānei me te kore e mutu te noho hei tangata kotahi.
Heoi, i whakaae anō a Aquinas ki ngā huringa nui ake, arā, ka huri te matū hei matū kē atu, pērā i te hurihanga o te kai kua nakunaku hei wāhanga o te tinana. Hei whakamārama i te huringa, i whakamahia e ia ngā ariā o te pūmanawa me te actus: ka huri tetahi mea nā te mea he pūmanawa tōna hei mea kē atu, kātahi ka whakatinanahia taua pūmanawa. I roto i tēnei anga, kāore te ao e noho pūmau. He ao hihiri te ao e neke ana mai i te pūmanawa ki te whakatinanatanga.
Mā te ariā o te pūmanawa-tūturutanga ka āwhina i te mārama ki te taumata o te tino pai o te ao tūturu. Ko te nui ake o te tūturutanga o tētahi mea, ko te nui ake o tōna "kī tonu". I tetahi atu taha, ko te nui ake o te pūmanawa kāore anō kia tutuki, ko te nui ake o tōna "kore e oti".
4. Te kupu whakarite mō te "noho": te ao tūroa maha-taumata me te reo mō te Atua
Ko tētahi o ngā whakaaro tino motuhake a Aquinas ko te kupu whakarite o te noho (analogy of being). Ko te kupu "noho" e pā ana ki ngā kōhatu, ki ngā rākau, ki ngā tāngata, me te Atua, engari ehara i te mea ōrite (univocal) kāore hoki i te tino rerekē (equivocal). He kupu whakarite te tikanga: he rite, he rerekētanga hoki.
He aha te hiranga o tēnei mō te tikanga o te ao tūturu? Nā te mea, ki a Aquinas, he kaupapa whakarōpū tō te ao tūturu. He "noho" motuhake ngā kōhatu, he "noho" whai rawa ngā mea ora, he "noho" tino pai ake te tangata nā te mea kei a rātou te whakaaro tika, ā, he "noho" te Atua i te huarahi tino tika. Mā te whakarite, ka taea e tātou te kōrero mō te Atua i runga i te ao tūturu o te hanganga me te kore e whakataurite i te Atua ki te hanganga. Ka noho te ao tūturu hei "tohu" e tohu ana ki tōna pūtake, engari kāore e ranea hei mārama katoa i taua pūtake.
5. Ko te Atua hei ipsum esse e ora ana: te tihi o te mooni
I roto i ngā ariā matatika a Aquinas, ehara i te mea ko te Atua te "oranga tino teitei" i roto i ētahi atu mea ora. Ko te Atua he ipsum esse subsistens—"Ko te noho tonu e ora ana." Ahakoa he rerekē te mauri me te oranga i roto i ngā mea ora, i roto i te Atua he ōrite rāua: ko te mauri o te Atua ko te Noho. Nō reira, kāore te Atua e whakawhirinaki ki tetahi mea mō tōna oranga, engari ko ngā atu katoa e whakawhirinaki ana.
Mai i konei, ka whakatakoto a Aquinas i ngā tautohe mō te noho o te Atua (hei tauira, ngā "ara e rima" / quinque viae), e tū ana i runga i te meka ka huri te ao, he take tōna, he āhuatanga e whakaatu ana, he taumata o te tino pai, ā, he tikanga. Ko ēnei katoa, e ai ki a Aquinas, e tohu ana ki tētahi Tūturutanga tuatahi kāore e rerekē, kāore he take, he mea tika, he tino tika, ā, ko ia te pūtake o te tikanga—arā, ko te Atua.
Nō reira, ko te māramatanga o Aquinas mō te ao tūturu he whakapono atua: kāore te ao tūturu e noho motuhake ana. "E whai wāhi ana" ki tētahi Mea tūturu. He ao tūturu te ao, engari ehara i te ao tūturu tuturu.
6. Te whai wāhi me te aronga: te mooni ki ngā whāinga
I whakapono a Aquinas he mutunga, he kaupapa rānei tō ngā mea katoa. Ehara tēnei i te kereme matatika noa iho, engari ko te hanganga o te ao tūturu: ka mahi ngā mea ora ki te pai e rite ana ki ō rātou āhua. Ka tupu ngā purapura hei rākau; ka rapu ngā kararehe i te oranga; ka rapu te tangata i te pono me te pai i runga i te taumata mohio ake. Ki a Aquinas, he hononga tata te pai ki te noho: he pai te mea ki te whānuitanga e whakatinanahia ai tōna noho e rite ana ki tōna āhua.
I roto i te tangata, ka eke tēnei aronga ki tōna taumata teitei: ehara i te mea ko te pai iti anake te mea e whaia ana e te tangata, engari ko te pai teitei rawa atu hoki. I roto i te anga a Aquinas, ko te pai teitei rawa ko te Atua, ko ia te whāinga matua o te whai a te tangata. Nō reira, ehara i te mea ko te "noho" anake, engari ko te "noho whai tikanga," nā te mea he wāhi, he aronga hoki tō ia mea ora i roto i te ao whānui.
7. Ngā pānga ki tā tātou tirohanga ki te ao
Nā te tirohanga a Aquinas ka puta he waiaro motuhake ki te ao. Tuatahi, e whakanuia ana te ao tūturu he mea tūturu, he mea pai i roto i a ia anō, ehara i te mea he atarangi noa iho hei whakarērea. Tuarua, he mahi nui tā te whakaaro nui: ka taea e te tangata te mārama ki te ao tūturu nā te mea he mea whai take, ā, kua hangaia te whakaaro nui o te tangata hei hopu i te pono. Tuatoru, kāore te whakapono e whakangaro i te whakaaro nui; ka taea e ngā mea e rua te mahi tahi. Ki a Aquinas, nā te mea ko te Atua te pūtake o te pono, kāore e taea te taupatupatu i te taumata matua o te pono i kitea e te whakaaro nui me te pono o te whakakitenga—ko te mea ka hē ko te whakamaoritanga a te tangata.
I tētahi atu taha, e whakatūpato ana hoki a Aquinas: he iti noa te mōhiotanga o te tangata. E mōhio ana tātou ki te Atua mā roto i te hanganga, pērā tonu i te mea he tawhiti tonu i waenganui i ō tātou ariā me te ao atua. Ka whakatairanga tēnei i te ngākau mahaki hinengaro: he nui ake te taonga o te ao i ō tātou whakaaro.
Whakamutunga
Ko te māramatanga o Thomas Aquinas mō te ao tūturu e ahu mai ana i te matatika o te "noho": ko te ao tūturu ko ngā mea katoa e ora ana, me te rerekētanga nui i waenga i te mauri me te oranga i roto i ngā mea hanga. He ao tūturu te ao, ā, ka taea te mōhio mā roto i ngā kare ā-roto me te whakaaro, me ngā mea whānui e hopukina ana mā roto i te whakaaro whakarāpopoto. He hanganga tō te ao tūturu: he mauri me te tūpono, he pūmanawa me te tūturu, me te taumata o ngā nekehanga o te tino pai. Hei whakamutunga, e tohu ana te ao tūturu ki te Atua hei ipsum esse subsistens, te pūtake o te Noho e taea ai ngā mea katoa. Nō reira, ki a Aquinas, ehara te ao tūturu i te kohinga o ngā meka noa iho, engari he raupapa whai tikanga e neke ana ki te pai me te kaupapa, me te Atua hei turanga me te tihi o ngā mea tūturu katoa.
