Te Tirohanga Epistemological a Karl Popper
Ko Karl Raimund Popper (1902–1994) he tohunga whakaaro nō Austria, he tangata whai mana nui i roto i ngā mara o te epistemology me te rapunga whakaaro o te pūtaiao. E mōhiotia whānuitia ana ia mō tana whakahē koi i te positivism arorau me tana whakaaro mō te tinihanga hei tikanga wehewehe i waenga i te pūtaiao me te kore-pūtaiao. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tirohia e tātou ngā tirohanga epistemological a Popper, mai i te papamuri o ōna whakaaro ki ngā pānga o āna ariā puta noa i ngā momo marautanga.
Papamuri me te Horopaki Hītori
Karl Popper lahir di Wina pada awal abad ke-20, sebuah periode ketika sekolah-sekolah filsafat baru seperti positivisme logis dan Vienna Circle sedang mencapai puncak pengaruh mereka. Vienna Circle memegang pandangan bahwa ilmu pengetahuan harus didasarkan pada verifikasi empiris dan logika formal. Popper, yang menggabungkan ketertarikan pada filsafat dengan latar belakang dalam fisika dan psikologi, mulai mempertanyakan premis-premis dasar dari positivisme logis.
I a ia e tamariki ana, i awehia a Popper e ngā whanaketanga o te ariā matū me te whanaungatanga, i puta ai ngā tauira hou i roto i te pūtaiao, ā, i homai hoki he tauira o ngā take i tika ai kia whakahoutia, kia whakarerea rānei ngā ariā kua whakaaetia i mua. Nā tēnei wheako i whakakaha ake te arotake a Popper i te tirohanga positivist mō te manatoko pūtaiao.
Te Arotake i te Manatoko
Ko te ariā o te manatoko, arā, ko te whakaaro me manatoko te mātauranga pūtaiao mā te tirotiro me te whakamātautau tonu, tētahi o ngā whakahē matua a Popper. E ai ki a Popper, he tino raruraru te manatoko nā te mea kāore e whakarato i ngā paearu e tika ana hei wehewehe i waenga i te pūtaiao me te pūtaiao rūpahu, te pūrākau rānei. Hei tauira, ko ngā ariā hinengaro pēnei i te Freudianism me te Marxism ka taea te "manatoko" mā ngā raraunga empirical, engari i kite a Popper he pūnaha whakapono ēnei, kaua ko ngā ariā pūtaiao.
I whakaaro a Popper kia kaua te pūtaiao e rapu ki te manatoko i ngā whakapae, engari me arotahi ki te tinihanga. Ki tā Popper, ka taea anake te kī he pūtaiao tētahi ariā mēnā ka taea te whakamātautau, ā, tera pea ka taea te whakahē. Arā, ko tētahi ariā kāore e taea te whakahē (kāore e taea te whakahē) ehara i te pūtaiao.
Te tinihanga
Ko tēnei ariā o te whakapohehe he mea nui ki te mātauranga matauranga a Popper, ā, e mōhiotia ana ko te whakapohehe. E ai ki a ia, he tukanga rangimārie, he tukanga hihiri hoki te whanaketanga pūtaiao, e puta ake ai ngā ariā hou, ā, e whakamatautauria ana mā roto i ngā whakamātautau. Ko ngā ariā e kore e taea te tu atu ki ngā whakamātautau ā-wheako me whakakore, me whakahou rānei.
He rerekē rawa te tinihanga i te whakamana. I roto i te pūnaha whakamana, ka kiia he kaha ake te ariā mēnā he nui ake ngā taunakitanga e tautoko ana. He rerekē, i roto i te tinihanga, kāore te ariā e kiia he tino pono, engari he "kāore anō kia whakamātauhia". Nō reira, he mea rangitahi tonu ngā ariā pūtaiao, ā, me whakamātautau tonu.
Impak falsifikasionisme sangat luas dalam berbagai disiplin ilmu. Misalnya, dalam fisika, pengembangan ariā relativitas dan mekanika kuantum dapat dipandang sebagai penerapan metode falsifikasionalis dalam menggantikan atau merevisi teori-teori yang lebih tua berdasarkan data empiris baru yang tidak sesuai dengan prediksi-prediksi mereka.
Te Ariā o te Mātauranga hei Tukanga Whanaketanga
Ko tētahi o ngā tino pānga o te tinihanga ko te tirohanga ki te mātauranga tangata he tukanga whanaketanga. I tautohe a Popper he rite te whanaketanga o te mātauranga ki te tukanga kōwhiringa taiao i roto i ngā mea ora. I ngā take e rua, he rerekē ngā momo (o ngā ariā, o ngā mea ora rānei) e whakamatautauria ana e tō rātou taiao. I roto i te horopaki o te pūtaiao, ko ngā ariā e tu atu ana i ngā whakamātautau ā-wheako ka kiia he 'ora' tae noa ki te wā e whakahēngia ai e ngā taunakitanga hou.
I ahu mai a Popper i te ariā Tāwini i roto i tana huarahi ki te whanaketanga pūtaiao. I tautohe ia kāore tātou e rapu i te "pono tuturu," engari me whakapai tonu i ā tātou ariā kia pai ake ai te mārama ki te ao. I whakanuia e ia te hiranga o te arotake hanga me te kōrero pūtaiao, me waiho tonu he wāhi mō ia ariā hei arotake, hei whakakapi rānei ki tētahi ariā pai ake.
Te Awe ki te Rapunga Whakaaro o te Pūtaiao me te Hapori
He nui te awe o ngā tirohanga matauranga a Popper ki te āhua o tā tātou tirohanga ki te pūtaiao me te tikanga pūtaiao. Mā te whakanui i te hiranga o ngā huarahi arohaehae me ngā huarahi tinihanga ki te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao, i tautuhi anō a Popper i tā tātou e whakaaro nei he 'mātauranga pūtaiao'.
Haunga tōna awe i roto i ngā pūtaiao taiao, ka whakamahia hoki ngā mātāpono tinihanga a Popper i roto i ngā pūtaiao pāpori, te ōhanga, tae noa ki te rapunga whakaaro tōrangapū. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā pūtaiao pāpori, me whakamātautau ngā ariā mā roto i ngā raraunga empirika, ā, me whakakore mēnā kāore e rite ana ki ngā taunakitanga e wātea ana. He pānga nui tēnei ki te tikanga rangahau i roto i ēnei marautanga.
I te whānui, he pānga ngā tirohanga tinihanga a Popper ki te ahurea arohaehae i roto i te hapori. I whakanuia e ia ko te herekoretanga hinengaro me te tika ki te whakapuaki i ngā whakahē he mea nui mō te whakatairanga i te mātauranga. Nō reira, e karanga ana hoki te kaupapa matua a Popper mō tētahi hapori tuwhera ake, manapori ake, e akiakihia ai te tautohetohe hinengaro me te kōrero hei taputapu mō te ahunga whakamua.
Whakamutunga
I roto i tana ariā mō te tinihanga, i whai wāhi nui a Karl Popper ki te māramatanga o te mātauranga me te tikanga pūtaiao. Mā te whakahē i te manatoko me te whakanui i te tinihanga, i whakaratohia e Popper he anga hou mō ngā kaipūtaiao ki te whakatata atu ki ngā ariā me ngā whakapae.
Heoi anō, kāore ōna whakaaro i te herea noa ki te pūtaiao engari he whānui hoki ngā pānga ki ngā pūtaiao pāpori, tae atu ki te rapunga whakaaro tōrangapū, e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o te arotake hanga me te tuwhera hinengaro. E tono ana te tirohanga a Popper kia tirohia te pūtaiao hei tukanga whanaketanga mātauranga e whakamatautauria tonutia ana, e whakahoutia ana.
E whakanui ana tēnei tuhinga i te hiranga o te mārama ki te mātauranga pūtaiao a Popper, he mea nui ehara i te mea mō ngā kaipūtaiao anake engari mō te hunga hoki e rapu ana i tētahi huarahi arohaehae, hihiri hoki ki te mātauranga i roto i te ao o ia rā.
