Arotakenga Mākihana mō te Pūtea Matua
Ko te Marxism, hei tētahi o ngā kura whakaaro tino whai mana i roto i te hītori hinengaro, e tuku ana i tētahi arotake koi me te hohonu o te pūnaha tārewa. Nā Karl Marx rāua ko Friedrich Engels i whakawhanake i te rautau 19, e whakarato ana te Marxism i tētahi tirohanga tino arohaehae mō te whakahaere o te pūnaha tārewa hei pūnaha ōhanga me te pāpori, tae atu ki ōna pānga whānui ki te hapori.
Te Hītori me te Pūtake Ariā o te Marxism
Hei mārama ki te arotake a te Marxism i te pūnaha tārewa, he mea nui kia mārama tuatahi ki ngā kaupapa matua o te ariā Marxist. I titiro a Karl Marx ki te hītori hei tukanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero , e neke ana i roto i ngā pakanga i waenga i ngā akomanga pāpori rerekē. I kite a Marx i ia pūnaha ōhanga i puta mai i roto i te hītori, mai i te feudalism ki te pūnaha tārewa, hei wāhanga ka whakakapia i te mutunga e tētahi pūnaha hou, matatau ake: te pāpori, ā, i te mutunga, te kōmiuniti.
I roto i tana pukapuka rongonui, "Das Kapital," i tātarihia e Marx te mahi a te pūnaha tāke. I whakanuia e ia te tukanga whakaputa me te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā kaipupuri pūtea (ngā kaitāke moni) me ngā kaimahi (ngā kaimahi). E ai ki a Marx, ka inehia te uara o tētahi taonga e te nui o te wā mahi e piri ana ki a ia, he ariā e mōhiotia ana ko te ariā uara mahi. Heoi, he wāhanga iti noa iho o tēnei uara ka riro i ngā kaimahi hei utu, ko te toenga, e kiia nei ko te uara tāpiri, ka tangohia e ngā kaitāke moni hei hua.
Arotakenga Mākihana mō te Pūtea Matua
Anei ētahi o ngā whakahē matua a te Marxism mō te pūnaha tāpui moni:
1. Te Whakamahi Kino me te Whakarerekē i ngā Kaimahi
Ko tētahi o ngā whakahē matua a Marx mō te pūnaha tārewa ko te āhua o te whakatinanatanga o ngā kaimahi e tēnei pūnaha. I raro i te anga tārewa, kāore ngā kaimahi e pupuri ana i ngā tikanga whakaputa, nō reira me hoko atu ā rātou mahi ki ngā tārewa kia ora ai. Kātahi ka tangohia e ngā tārewa tetahi wāhanga o te uara i hangaia e ngā kaimahi i roto i te ahua o ngā hua, ā, koinei te mauri o te whakatinanatanga.
I kōrero anō a Marx mō te whakawehenga o ngā kaimahi i raro i te pūnaha tāke. Nā te korenga o te mana whakahaere o ngā kaimahi i te tukanga whakaputa, i ngā hua rānei o ā rātou mahi, ka whakawehea rātou i ngā hua e hangaia ana e rātou, i ā rātou ake tukanga mahi, i ō rātou hoa mahi, me ō rātou pūkenga auaha. Ka arahi tēnei ki te wairua whakawehenga me te ngaronga o te tuakiri i roto i te hapori tāke.
2. Te Tauritekore o te Taonga
E ai ki a Marx, nā te pūnaha pūtea te kore taurite o te taonga. Nā te mea he tokoiti te hunga e whakahaere ana i ngā tikanga whakaputa, ka taea e rātou te kohi taonga nui atu i te nuinga o ngā kaimahi. Ehara i te mea ko te tohatoha kore taurite o te taonga anake te take o tēnei kore taurite, engari ko te āhua hoki o te mana me te awe e whakaemihia ana ki roto i ngā ringaringa o te hunga tokoiti, ā, i te mutunga ka hohonu ake te kore taurite pāpori me te tōrangapū.
3. Te Āhuatanga Āhuatanga Ā-Wā
E ai ki a Marx, ko te āhua o te pūnaha tārewa he raruraru ōhanga auau. E akiakihia ana ngā kaitārewa ki te whakawhānui tonu i te whakaputanga me te rapu hua nui ake, engari he maha ngā wā ka arahi tēnei ki te whakaputanga nui rawa atu e kore e taea e te mākete te mimiti. Ko te hua o ēnei raruraru ko te pikinga o te kore mahi me te hekenga o ngā utu, e whakaatu ana i te kore pumau o te pūnaha tārewa.
4. Hokohoko
I tautohe a Marx ko te pūnaha tāke e hokohoko ana i ngā āhuatanga katoa o te ao, mai i ngā taonga ā-tinana ki te mahi a te tangata, tae atu ki ngā whakaaro me ngā ahurea. I roto i te hapori tāke, he utu tō te nuinga o ngā mea katoa, ā, e kiia ana he taonga hei hoko me te hoko atu. Ka whakararu tēnei i ngā uara pāpori me ngā uara matatika, ka whakaiti i ngā whanaungatanga tangata hei tauhokohoko ōhanga noa iho.
5. Te Whakawhirinaki ki te Tipu Mutunga Kore
Ko te pūnaha pūtea e hangai ana ki te kaupapa o te kohikohinga pūtea mutunga kore, arā, me tipu tonu te ōhanga. Heoi, kāore e taea te pupuri tonu i tēnei tipu tonu i runga i tētahi aorangi he iti nei ngā rauemi. Kua kite kē a Marx i tēnei hei tetahi o ngā ngoikoretanga taketake o te pūnaha pūtea, e piki haere ana te hiranga i roto i te horopaki o ngā tautohetohe hou mō te huringa āhuarangi me te oranga tonutanga o te taiao.
6. Te Whakaiti i te Tangata hei Mea Taputapu
Ko tētahi o ngā whakahē hohonu a Marx ki te pūnaha tāpua ko te whakaiti i te tangata hei taputapu whakaputa me te kohikohi pūtea noa iho. I roto i tēnei pūnaha, ehara i te mea he tangata te tangata e whakanuia ana, engari mō tā rātou takoha ki te whakaputa ōhanga me te hua. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei ngā uara tangata, ā, ka warewarehia ngā āhuatanga kore-ōhanga o te oranga tangata.
Te Hiranga o te Marxism i ēnei rā
Kei te whai tikanga tonu ngā whakahē a te Marxism ki te pūnaha pūtea i roto i te ao hou. He take nui tonu te kore taurite o te taonga i roto i te maha o ngā whenua, ā, ka hoki anō ngā raruraru ōhanga. Ahakoa kua urutau, kua rerekē hoki te pūnaha pūtea mai i te wā o Marx, kei te mau tonu te nuinga o ngā raruraru i kitea e Marx.
Ko te raruraru taiao, kāore pea i tino whakaarohia e Marx, he whakahē anō hoki mō te pūnaha tārewa. Ko te tipu kore here me te whakamahi i ngā rauemi taiao e akiakihia ana e te pūnaha tārewa hou kei te whakangaro i ngā rauropi, ka puta he huringa āhuarangi nui, me te kino haere o ngā āhuatanga noho i roto i ngā wāhanga maha o te ao.
Hei tāpiri atu, kua hurihia te āhua o te mahi me ngā whanaungatanga whakaputa e te mamati me te ao whānui, engari kua hurahia hoki e rātou ngā momo mahi whakatoi kaimahi hou, ā, he maha ngā wā he huna ake. Hei tauira, ko ngā kaimahi ohanga gig, he maha ngā wā kāore i te whai haumarutanga mahi me te tiakitanga hapori, e whakaatu ana i ngā momo hou o te noho wehe me te kore haumarutanga ōhanga.
Whakamutunga
He arotake hohonu, he arotake pūnaha hoki tā te Marxism mō te pūnaha tāpua, e whakaatu ana i tōna whakamahinga kino, tōna kore taurite, ōna raruraru auau, tōna hokohoko, tōna whakawhirinaki ki te tipu mutunga kore, me te whakaiti i te tangata. Kāore i te whai tikanga noa ēnei arotake i tōna wā, engari kei te whai tikanga tonu i ēnei rā.
Ahakoa me whakarerekē ētahi āhuatanga o te arotakenga Marxist ki ngā āhuatanga o nāianei, ko ngā ariā taketake o te tika ōhanga, te mana whakahaere a ngā kaimahi i te whakaputanga, me te arotakenga o te kore taurite o te taonga he tūāpapa nui tonu mō te aromatawai me te aro atu ki ngā wero e pā ana ki te pūnaha tārewa hou. Nō reira, ehara i te mea he wāhanga nui noa iho o te ako i te hītori ōhanga me te pāpori te arotakenga Marxist mō te pūnaha tārewa, engari he taputapu whai hua hoki mō te whakaaroaro me te hanga i tētahi heke mai tika ake, pumau ake hoki.
