Ko Kant me te Ariā A Priori o te Mātauranga
He tūranga nui tō Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) i roto i te hītori o te rapunga whakaaro hou, inā koa ka tae ki te matapaki i te taea o te mātauranga tangata me ōna rohe. I roto i tana mahi whakahirahira, te Critique of Pure Reason (1781/1787), i whakaurua e Kant tētahi "hurihanga" i roto i te huarahi e mārama ai te rapunga whakaaro ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te kaupapa (te tangata mōhio) me te mea (te ao e mōhiotia ana). Ko te kaupapa matua o tēnei hurihanga ko te whakaaro o te mātauranga a priori—arā, he mātauranga e motuhake ana i te wheako pārongo engari he mana here me te mana whānui tonu. Ka tirohia e tēnei tuhinga te āhua o te whakatakotoranga a Kant i tana ariā o te mātauranga a priori, he aha i whakakahoretia ai e ia hei "mea tūturu noa iho," me te āhua o tana hanga i te tautohe e whai wāhi ana ngā hanganga hinengaro tangata ki te āhua o te ao ki a tātou.
1. Papamuri: te tautohetohe i waenga i te whakaaro whānui me te whakaaro whānui
I mua i a Kant, e rua ngā rōpū i kaha ake ai ngā tautohetohe nui o te epistemology hou. Ko ngā kaiwhakaaro whānui—pērā i a René Descartes , Baruch Spinoza, me Gottfried Leibniz—i aro nui ki te whakanui i te tūranga o te whakaaro hei puna o ētahi mātauranga. I whakapono rātou he pono kei reira ka taea te mōhio me te kore wheako, pērā i ngā pono i roto i te pāngarau, te arorau, me te ariā o te matū, o te Atua rānei. I tētahi atu taha, ko ngā kaiwhakaaro empiric—pērā i a John Locke , George Berkeley, me David Hume rawa atu—i whakahē i ēnei kereme. E ai ki te empiricism, me whai ngā whakaaro tangata ki te wheako; ki te kore he wheako, he koretake ngā ariā.
I whakaae a Kant nā Hume ia i "whakaara ake i tana moe whakapono." I tohu a Hume he maha ngā mea e whakaarohia ana e tātou he tino pono—hei tauira, ngā whanaungatanga take—kāore e tino "kitea" i roto i te wheako. Ko tā tātou e kite nei ko te huihuinga A e whai tonu ana i te huihuinga B; mai i te tikanga, ka whakatau tātou ko A te "whakaputa" i a B. Mena koinei te āhua, me pēhea te tino pono o te pūtaiao taiao, e whakamahi ana i ngā ture take whānui? Nā tēnei raruraru i akiaki a Kant ki te rapu i tētahi huarahi waenga: te whakaae ki te arotake a te hunga whakapono e hiahia ana te mātauranga ki te wheako, engari me te pupuri tonu i te huānga whakaaro nui e taea ai te ao whānui me te hiahia.
2. He aha te mātauranga ā-mua?
I roto i ngā kupu māmā, ka wehewehe a Kant i waenga i te mātauranga a priori me te mātauranga a posteriori. Ka ahu mai te mātauranga a posteriori i te wheako (hei tauira, "ka koropupū te wai i tētahi pāmahana i raro i ētahi āhuatanga"). He motuhake te mātauranga a priori i te wheako, engari e mōhiotia ana "i mua" i te wheako—i roto i te tikanga arorau, ehara i te wā. Ko te āhuatanga matua o te mātauranga a priori he mea whānui, he mea tika hoki: e pā ana ki ngā take katoa, ā, kāore e taea te kī pērā.
Engari i tāpirihia e Kant tētahi atu rerekētanga nui: i waenganui i ngā whakatau tātari me ngā whakatau hangai. Ko ngā whakatau tātari ko ērā kei roto i te kaupapa te kupu whakarite (hei tauira, "kāore ngā tāne takakau katoa i te marena"). Ka tāpirihia e ngā whakatau hangai he kōrero hou kāore i roto i te kaupapa (hei tauira, "kāore ngā tāne takakau i te harikoa"). E ai ki te tikanga tuku iho i mua i a Kant, i whakaarohia i te nuinga o te wā:
– tātaritanga = ā-mua
– hangai = hangai
I whakakorengia tēnei wehewehenga e Kant mā te tautohe he "whakataunga ā-mua hangahanga": arā, he whakatau e tāpiri ana i ngā mātauranga hou, engari e noho whānui tonu ana, e tika ana hoki, ā, e motuhake ana i te wheako. Koinei te ngako o te kaupapa a Kant: te whakamārama me pēhea te taea o te mātauranga ā-mua hangahangahanga, me ngā āhuatanga mō tōna taea.
3. He aha i hiahiatia ai te hangarau hangai ā-mua mō te pāngarau me ngā pūtaiao taiao?
I tautohe a Kant ehara te pāngarau i te mea tātari noa iho. Hei tauira, kāore e taea te whiwhi i te kīanga "7 + 5 = 12" mā te tātari noa i te ariā o "7 + 5." Me "hanga" te tau mā te hinengaro. Arā, ka whakawhānui te pāngarau i te mātauranga (whakaaro), engari kāore tōna tino pono i ahu mai i te whakamātautau (ehara i te mea ā muri ake nei). Nō reira, ko te pāngarau he tauira pai o te mātauranga ā mua hanga.
Pērā anō hoki mō te ahupūngao taketake. Kāore e taea te kī "he take tō ia kaupapa" te ahu mai i ngā tirohanga iti anake; e kīia ana he tika whānui. Engari ka whakawhirinaki te pūtaiao ki aua mātāpono hei mārama ki te wheako e ai ki te whakaritenga. Nō reira, i hiahia a Kant ki te whakaatu he hanganga kei roto i te hinengaro tangata e taea ai te wheako pūtaiao, me te kore e taka ki roto i te whakapono matatika.
4. Te Huringa a Copernican: ka urutau te mea ki te kaupapa
I tapaina e Kant tana nekehanga ko te "hurihanga a Copernican" i roto i te rapunga whakaaro. Ahakoa i mua i whakaarohia me rite te mātauranga ki tana mea, i hurihia tēnei e Kant: i te mea he "mea" te mea mā tātou, me rite ki tā tātou huarahi mōhio. Ehara i te mea he mea hanga noa te ao e te hinengaro, engari ko te wheako kua hangaia kētia e ētahi āhuatanga hinengaro.
I roto i te anga o Kant, kāore tātou e mōhio tika ki te "mea i roto i a ia anō" (noumenon), engari ko te "āhuatanga"—te ao e puta mai ana i roto i te wheako. Ehara ngā āhuatanga i te mānukanuka; ko te ao e pā ana ki a tātou, engari i roto tonu i te āhua kua "tukatukahia" e ngā hanganga a priori.
5. Ngā momo o te māramatanga: te wāhi me te wā i mua
E rua ngā "pūtake" o te mātauranga i wehewehea e Kant: te aro (te aro, te whiwhinga i ngā raraunga aro) me te mārama (te kaha ki te whakaaro). Mā te aro ka puta ngā "āta whakaaro," ko te mārama ia ka puta ngā "kaupapa." Ki te kore he āta whakaaro, he koretake ngā ariā; ki te kore he ariā, he matapo te āta whakaaro.
I roto i te whakaaro nui, e rua ngā momo o te māramatanga ā-mua e whakaarohia ana e Kant: te wāhi me te wā. Ehara te wāhi i te ariā i ahu mai i te wheako o ngā mea o waho; engari, ko te wheako o te "waho" ka taea anake nā te mea kua whai anga wāhi kē tātou. Waihoki, te wā: kāore tātou e whakatau i te wā mai i te raupapa o ngā kaupapa; engari, ka taea anake te wheako i ngā kaupapa "he raupapa" nā te mea he momo wā o mua.
Nō reira, ka tino mārama te āhuahanga me te pāngarau i mua i te wā, nā te mea e pā ana ki ngā hanganga o te wāhi me te wā, arā, ko ngā āhuatanga o ngā wheako pāngarau katoa o te tangata.
6. Ngā momo māramatanga: take me te pānga, matū, me ētahi atu.
Haunga ngā momo o te māramatanga, i whakaurua e Kant ngā "kāwai" o te māramatanga: arā, ngā ariā taketake kāore e ahu mai i te wheako, engari ka taea te whakarite me te mārama ki te wheako. Ko ētahi tauira ko: te takenga mai, te mauri, te kotahitanga, te maha, me te āheinga/te takenga mai.
Ko te take-ā-ira te tauira rongonui nā te mea e pā tika ana ki te arotake a Hume. I kī a Kant ka taea e tātou te kite i ngā kaupapa he "tupu nā" ētahi atu kaupapa mena kua whakamahia kētia e te māramatanga te kāwai o te take-ā-ira ki ngā raraunga ā-rongo. Ehara tēnei i te whakatau whakataki mai i te tikanga, engari he whakaritenga kia mārama ai ki te raupapa o ngā kaupapa hei tūāhuatanga whai take, ehara i te raupapa noa o ngā whakaaro whaiaro.
Nō reira, e ai ki a Kant, ehara te mātauranga ā-mua i te rārangi o ngā ariā taketake pēnei i te "kei te ora te Atua" me te "he ora tonu te wairua," engari he anga whaimana e whakahaere ana i te huarahi e kitea ai, e whakaarohia ai hoki te wheako.
7. Ngā rohe o te mātauranga ā-mua: he arotake i ngā mahi matatika tuku iho
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino nui o te ariā a Kant ko tōna herenga. Nā te mea ka pā noa ngā kāwai me ngā momo o te māramatanga ki ngā wheako ka taea, kaua e whakamahia hei haere ki tua atu i te wheako. He maha ngā wā ka ngana te metaphysics tuku iho ki te whakamatau i ngā mea mō te Atua, te herekoretanga tino, te matekoretanga rānei o te wairua hei taonga o te mātauranga ariā. I tautohe a Kant ko ēnei nganatanga ka arahi ki ngā whakahē (antinomies), nā te mea ka tangohia e te whakaaro ngā ariā e tika ana mō te wheako ka utaina ki runga i tētahi ao e kore e taea te mārama.
Koinei te wāhi e "whakaora" ana, e "whakawhāiti ana" ana hoki te arotake a Kant. E whakaora ana ia i te tino pono o te pūtaiao me te pāngarau mā te whakamārama i ō rāua tūāpapa a priori, engari e ārai ana i te whakapae matatika kei tua atu i ngā rohe o te wheako te mātauranga.
8. Te hiranga o Kant i ēnei rā
Kei te mau tonu te ariā o te mātauranga a priori a Kant i roto i ngā kōrero o nāianei mō te awe o ngā hanganga hinengaro ki te tirohanga, te reo, me te pūtaiao. I roto i te rapunga whakaaro o te pūtaiao, ko te pātai mō te "anga" ariā, ngā "tūnga mua" rānei mō te mātakitaki e whakamahara ana i te whakaaro o Kant kāore te wheako i te noho kūpapa. I roto i te hinengaro hinengaro me te hinengaro tirohanga, ko te whakaaro kei te roro ngā tikanga "tukatuka" e hanga ana i te ao e kitea ana e tātou e pā ana ki a Kant, ahakoa he rerekē ngā kupu me ngā tikanga.
Heoi anō, he maha hoki ngā whakahē a Kant. E pātai ana ētahi tohunga whakaaro mēnā he mea nui te wāhi me te wā i roto i te tikanga Kantian, inā koa i muri i te whanaketanga o te ahupūngao hou. E pātai ana ētahi ki te wehenga pakari i waenga i ngā āhuatanga me ngā noumena. Ahakoa rā, he tohutoro nui tonu te anga a Kant: e whakaatu ana ia kāore e taea e ngā tautohetohe matauranga te whiriwhiri noa i waenga i te "katoa mai i te wheako" me te "katoa mai i te whakaaro," nā te mea ko te mātauranga tangata te hua o te taunekeneke o ngā mea e rua i roto i tētahi hanganga motuhake.
Whakamutunga
Ki a Kant, ehara te mōhiotanga ā-mua i te "mōhiotanga kāore he wheako," engari ko ngā āhuatanga ōkawa e whai tikanga ai te wheako, e āhei ai hoki te mōhio. Ko te wāhi me te wā, hei momo māramatanga, me ngā kāwai māramatanga pēnei i te take me te take, koia te anga e āhei ai te pāngarau me ngā pūtaiao taiao ki te whai i te ao whānui me te hiahia. Heoi anō, ka whakatakotohia hoki e tēnei anga he rohe: kāore he mana o te whakaaro ki te kī he mōhiotanga ariā mō ngā mea kei tua atu i te wheako ka taea. Mā roto i tēnei ariā o te mōhiotanga ā-mua, kāore a Kant i takawaenga i waenganui i te whakaaro whaitake me te whakaaro nui engari i hanga anō hoki i te ahunga o te rapunga whakaaro hou mā te whakaatu he mahi kaha tā te kaupapa mōhio ki te hanga i te ao i a tātou e wheako nei.
