Te Arotake a Nietzsche mō te Whakapono
E mōhiotia ana a Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) ko tētahi o ngā tohunga whakaaro tino whakaohooho i roto i te hītori o te whakaaro o te Hauāuru. Kāore i whakahē noa ia i te whakapono hei umanga pāpori, engari i whakahē anō hoki i ngā turanga matatika, matatika-ā-tinana, me te hinengaro i whakaponohia e ia hei pou mō te huarahi e mahi ai te tangata i te whakapono—ina koa i roto i te tikanga Karaitiana Pākehā. Ko te whakahē a Nietzsche i te whakapono ka whakarapopototia noa iho ko "E kino ana a Nietzsche ki te Atua," engari ko tana i whakaeke ko tētahi momo whakapono motuhake: he whakapono e whakakahore ana i te ora, e whakatairanga ana i te ngākau māhaki, ā, e hanga ana i te matatika i runga i te hara me te wehi. Ka tirohia e tēnei tuhinga te mauri o te whakahē a Nietzsche i te whakapono, ngā take kei muri i a ia, me ōna pānga ki ngā māramatanga hou mō te matatika me te tangata.
1. "Kua mate te Atua": he tātaritanga mate, ehara i te pepeha
Ko te kōrero rongonui a Nietzsche ko "Kua mate te Atua," inā koa i roto i *The Gay Science* me *Thus Spoke Zarathustra*. He maha ngā wā ka hē te mārama ki tēnei kōrero hei whakapuakitanga o te kore whakapono ki te Atua. Ki a Nietzsche, ko "te matenga o te Atua" he tātaritanga ahurea: ko te mana o te whakapono me te whakapono matatika, i mua ko te kaupapa matua o te tikanga o te ora, kua hinga i raro i te awe o te ao hou—te pūtaiao, te arotake hītori, te whakaaro whaitake, me te huringa pāpori. Ko te tikanga o tēnei he maha tonu ngā tāngata e whakamahi ana i te reo matatika me ngā uara whakapono, engari kāore e tino whakaponohia ngā turanga o ō rātou whakapono.
Ko te mutunga o te "matenga o te Atua" ehara i te herekore noa iho, engari he raruraru o te tikanga. Mēnā kāore te Atua—hei pūtake o te pono, te kaupapa, me ngā tikanga matatika—e whakaponohia ana, ka tūtaki te tangata ki te nihilism: te whakaaro kāore he tikanga o te ao. I kite a Nietzsche i te nihilism he tūpono, he whai wāhitanga hoki. Ko te tūponotanga, ka taka pea te tangata ki te kore aro me te ngākau māhaki; ko te whai wāhitanga, ka taea e te tangata te waihanga i ngā uara hou, whai mana ake mō te ao.
2. Te whakapono hei tohu hinengaro: te wehi, te ngoikore, me te mawhiti
Kāore a Nietzsche i kite i te whakapono hei kaupapa whakaako anake, engari hei āhuatanga hinengaro. I roto i ana tuhinga maha, i tautohe ia i puta mai te whakapono i te hiahia o te tangata ki te tiaki, ki te tino mohio, me te whakamarie. Ina rongo te tangata i te ngoikore i te aroaro o te mamae, te koretake, me te mate, ka tukuna e te whakapono he kōrero whakamarie: he mahere atua, he tika ā-ao, ā, he oranga i muri i te mate. Ki a Nietzsche, ehara i te mea he teka noa iho ēnei kōrero, engari he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia hei mawhiti atu i ngā ao tūturu o te ao.
Engari ko te aro atu ki te mamae hei wāhanga tūturu o te oranga, ka hurihia e ētahi whakapono te mamae hei "uara" whakakororia: ko te hunga karakia te hunga e tino mamae ana, ā, ko rātou te hunga tino ngohengohe. I whakakahoretia e Nietzsche tēnei whakaaro nui nā te mea, e ai ki a ia, ka hurihia te tangata hei mea hanga e wehi ana i te ora, e kore hoki e hiahia ki te tipu. I tapaina e ia tēnei ia he "mauahara ki te ao" he whakaaro whakahē-ora rānei: ka iti te whakaute ki te ao tūturu, ko te "ao kē atu" ia (te rangi, te ao muri i te ao, te ao whānui) e kiia ana he mea nui ake.
3. Te matatika o te pononga me te hurihanga o ngā uara
Ko tētahi o ngā wāhanga tino kaha o te arotake a Nietzsche i te whakapono ko tana tātari i te matatika, inā koa i roto i te On the Genealogy of Morality. E rua ngā momo matatika e wehewehea ana e ia: te matatika rangatira me te matatika pononga.
– Ko tō tikanga matatika e puta mai ana i te momo tangata kaha, māia, auaha hoki. Ko te tikanga o te "pai" ki a rātou he rangatira, he toa, he whai mana, he rangatira.
– Ka puta te tikanga pononga mai i ngā rōpū ngoikore, e tukinotia ana rānei, kāore e taea te whakaatu tika i te mana. Ka whakawhanakehia e rātou ngā uara rerekē: ko te tikanga o te "pai" he ngākau mahaki, he ngohengohe, he kore riri, he kore tono; ko te tikanga ia o te "kino" he kaha, he rangatiratanga, he maia.
I tautohe a Nietzsche ko te whakapono (ina koa ko te Karaitianatanga Pākehā) ka whakapakari i te matatika o te pononga mā roto i tāna i kī ai ko te riri—te mauahara huna o te hunga ngoikore ki te hunga kaha. Nā te kore e taea te utu tika, ka tukuna tēnei riri mā roto i te hurihanga o ngā uara: ko te kaha e kiia ana ko te hara, ko te ngoikore e kiia ana ko te pai. I roto i tēnei kaupapa, ka meinga te hunga kaha kia whakama, ko te hunga ngoikore ia ka whakawhiwhia ki te mana matatika. Ehara i te mea ko tēnei whakahē te kī he whakamoemiti a Nietzsche ki te nanakia, engari ko tana whakahē i te matatika i puta mai i ngā tauhohenga rapu utu, ā, he whakahē ki te ora o te ao.
4. Te noho whakatā me te kaupapa o te "whakakahore i a koe anō"
I whakahē anō a Nietzsche i te kaupapa o te noho whakatā—ko te whakaaro ko te karakia he pehi i ngā hiahia, te whakahaere i te tinana, me te "whakamate" i ngā hihiri o te ao. I kite ia i te kaupapa whakatā hei rautaki mō te whakamārama i te mamae: ki te mamae te ao, ka kitea te mamae hei ara wairua ki te whakaoranga.
Ko te raruraru, ki a Nietzsche, ko te whakaaro whakatā ka arahi ki te whakakorekore nui i a ia anō. E kiia ana te tinana me ngā kare ā-roto he poke, e kiia ana te moepuku he pūtake hara, ā, he mea whakapae te harikoa o te ao. E titiro ana a Nietzsche ki tēnei hei momo whakahē ki te ora: kua whakaakona te tangata kia whakama mō ngā mea he wāhanga tūturu o te oranga.
I tua atu, i kite ia i te noho pūmau hei momo huna o te "hiahia ki te mana." Ka taea e te tangata whakapono te whiwhi mana mā te noho hei kaitiaki matatika, hei whakatau ko wai te tapu, ko wai hoki te hara. Nō reira, ka taea e te karakia te noho hei tikanga pāpori hei whakahaere i te tangata mā te hara.
5. Te karakia, te pono, me ngā "korero teka whai hua"
Ki a Nietzsche, i honoa anō te whakapono ki te pātai mō te pono. I whakapae ia ki ngā kereme whakapono mō te pono tuturu, nā te mea he maha ngā wā ka whai hua ēnei kereme hei whakarite i te hapori me te pupuri i tētahi tikanga matatika. Ki tā Nietzsche tirohanga, kāore te tangata e rapu tonu i te pono mō te pono; he maha ngā wā ka rapu rātou i ngā whakapono e taea ai te whakamanawanui i te ao.
Engari ehara i te mea ko Nietzsche anake te "whakahē i te pono." I whakahē ia i te huarahi e hanga ai te whakapono i te pono hei taputapu mana: ka whakawhiwhia te kaupapa ki te mana tapu, ka uaua ki te pātai. Ina kiia te pātai he hara, ka tirohia te rapunga whakaaro me te pūtaiao he tūmomo mōrearea, ā, ka whakawhāitihia te herekore o te whakaaro. Ki a Nietzsche, ka ārai tēnei i te tipu o te tangata hei tangata e maia ana ki te whakawā me te waihanga.
6. He aha te mea hei whakakapi mō te whakapono? Ko te Übermensch me te hanganga o ngā uara
Kāore te whakahē a Nietzsche e mutu i te whakahē; e tuku ana hoki ia i te aronga: me noho te tangata hei kaihanga uara. Ko tana tohu ko te Übermensch (he maha ngā wā ka whakamaoritia ko te "tangata tino kaha" "tangata tino kaha"). Ehara te Übermensch i te iwi motuhake, i te tangata tino kaha rānei, engari he momo tangata kāore e whakawhirinaki ana ki te mana nui mō te tikanga o te ora, engari e maia ana ki te whakaū i te ora—tae atu ki te mamae—hei mea ka taea te huri hei mana.
Koinei te wāhi e puta ai te ariā o te amor fati (te aroha ki te ao tūroa): te whakaae ki te ora e tū nei, tae atu ki te aroha ki te ao tūturu, kaua ki te rere ki tētahi atu ao. E akiaki ana a Nietzsche i te whakaū i te ora, te auahatanga, te ora, me te maia ki te aro atu ki te koretake o te tikanga whai muri i te hinganga o te mana tuku iho.
7. Te hiranga me te tautohetohe o te whakahē a Nietzsche
He mea nui te arotake a Nietzsche nā te mea ehara i te mea ko te whakapono anake hei tikanga, engari he hinengaro anō hoki ka puta ake i ngā wāhi katoa: i roto i ngā ariā tōrangapū, i ngā tikanga pāpori, i ngā ahurea rongonui rānei—arā, ko te ia ki te rapu i te "pono whakamutunga" mō te haumarutanga hinengaro, me te ia ki te whakamahi i te hara hei huarahi whakahaere. I taua wā anō, he tautohenga anō hoki te whakaaro o Nietzsche. Ko tana tātaritanga i te "kaha" me te "ngoikore" e kiia ana i ētahi wā he whakangawari rawa i te mooni pāpori. Ko tana arotakenga i te arohaehae he maha ngā wā ka hē te whakamārama hei whakamāoritanga mō te tutu, ahakoa he tika ake te pānui i a Nietzsche hei hoariri mō te tikanga e whakanui ana i te ngoikore me te pehi i te ora.
Whakamutunga
Ko te arotake a Nietzsche mō te whakapono he arotake i tētahi momo whakapono e whakahē ana i te ao, e whakanui ana i te mamae, e hanga ana i te matatika i runga i te hara me te riri. Ki a Nietzsche, ko te "Kua mate te Atua" he tohu mō te raruraru o te tikanga hou me te tīmatanga o tētahi mea hou: ka taea e te tangata te waihanga uara me te kore e whakawhirinaki ki te mana nui. E wero ana ia i te tangata kia ora māia ake, kia pono ake ki te ao tūturu, kia kaha ake hoki ki te ora. Ahakoa e whakaae ana tātou, e whakahē rānei, ka akiakihia tātou e te arotake a Nietzsche ki te pātai: kei te ora tonu te ora i roto i ō tātou whakapono, kei te ngoikore rānei?
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga hei putanga tuhinga kura (he māmā ake), hei putanga mātauranga (me ngā tohutoro me te rārangi pukapuka), hei putanga rānei e whakataurite ana i a Nietzsche me Marx/Freud hei "rangatira whakapae e toru".
