Te Rapunga Whakaaro o te Hauāuru me te Rapunga Whakaaro o te Rawhiti
He maha ngā wā ka tīmata ngā kōrero mō te rapunga whakaaro o te Hauāuru me te Rawhiti me te whakaaro he "taupatupatu" rāua: e kiia ana te Hauāuru he whakaaro whaitake, he tātari, ā, e aro nui ana ki te arorau; ko te Rawhiti ia e kitea ana he mārama, he wairua, ā, e aro nui ana ki te rangimārie. Heoi, he tirohanga whānui noa iho tēnei wehewehenga e āwhina ana i te hunga tīmata ki te mārama ki ngā au whānui. Ko te mea pono, he tino kanorau ia tikanga, he awe tetahi ki tetahi, ā, e whai ana ki te whakautu i ngā pātai matua: he aha te mooni, me pēhea te noho o te tangata, ā, me pēhea tātou e mōhio ai ki tetahi mea?
Ngā pūtake hītori me te horopaki ahurea
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te rapunga whakaaro o te Hauāuru i ahu mai i ngā tikanga tawhito o Kariki—ngā ingoa pēnei i a Hōkerete, Plato, me Aristotle—i whanakehia i roto i ngā tikanga whakaaro o Rōma, i ngā whakaaro Karaitiana o ngā wā o waenganui, i te Renaissance, i te Enlightenment, me ngā rapunga whakaaro hou me ngā rapunga whakaaro o nāianei. Kua tino awehia te tikanga o te Hauāuru e te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao, ngā whare wānanga, me ngā tautohetohe whakapono me ngā tautohetohe tōrangapū i Ūropi.
I taua wā, ko te rapunga whakaaro o te Rawhiti e pā ana ki te whānuitanga o ngā whakaaro mai i Īnia, Haina, Hapani, Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti, me te rohe e karapoti ana. I Īnia, i whanake ngā tikanga Vedic, ngā Upanishads, te Buddhism, te Jainism, me ngā kura pēnei i a Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, me Vedanta. I Haina, ko te Confucianism, te Taoism, ā, i muri mai ko te Buddhism Hainamana te pūtake o ngā huarahi whakaaro mō ngā tikanga matatika, te kāwanatanga, me te ao whānui. He maha ngā wā e hono tata ana te horopaki o te Rawhiti ki te mahi o te ao: te mahi wairua, te kawa, te whakahaere matatika, me te rangimarie pāpori.
Te arotahi o te pātai: "te pono" vs "te whakaaro nui o te ora"?
Ko tētahi rerekētanga e kōrerohia pinepine ana ko te huarahi e aro ana ki ngā raruraru. E whakaatuhia ana te tikanga o te Hauāuru hei whakanui i te rapunga i te pono mā te tautohetohe: ngā whakamāramatanga mārama, ngā taunakitanga, ngā arorau ōkawa, me te tautohetohe. Mai i a Plato ki te rapunga whakaaro tātari hou, kua kitea te āhua o te whakamātautau pūnaha i tētahi kereme: he rite tonu, he tika, ā, he aha tōna pūtake matauranga?
I roto i ngā tikanga tuku iho o te Rawhiti, ko ngā pātai matua e pā ana ki te whakaoranga mai i te mamae, te noho tahi me te taiao, te whanaketanga rānei o te āhua. Hei tauira, e aro nui ana te whakapono Puta ki te mārama ki te dukkha (mamae) me te ara ki te whakaoranga mā te mahi. E aro nui ana te whakapono Taoism ki te "ara" (Dao) me te huarahi noho tahi me te taiao. E aro ana te whakapono Confucianism ki te whakatipu i te pai me te tikanga pāpori pai. Heoi, ehara i te mea he "koretake" te Rawhiti, he "kore aro" rānei te Hauāuru ki te oranga o roto. He maha ngā mahi a te Rawhiti he arorau kaha (hei tauira, ko Nyaya i Inia), ā, he maha ngā tohunga whakaaro o te Hauāuru e kōrero ana mō te oranga pai (hei tauira, ko Aristotle me ngā tikanga pai, ko Stoicism rānei me tōna aro ki te rangimārie o roto).
Tikanga: tātari ariā vs. mahi whakarerekētanga whaiaro
I roto i te tikanga o te Hauāuru, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te rapunga whakaaro hei tuhituhi tautohetohe, hei matapaki mātauranga, hei whakawhanake ariā. Ka titoa ngā whakaaro hei kaupapa ka taea te whakahē, te tiaki rānei. Nō reira, he mea nui te kaha ki te tautohetohe me te whakamārama i ngā kupu.
I te Rawhiti, he maha ngā wā ka honoa ngā tikanga rapunga whakaaro ki ngā mahi: te whakaaroaro, te whakahaere matatika, te whakangungu aroā, te kawa, te whanonga pāpori rānei. E māramahia ana te mātauranga ehara i te mea he "pono noa iho," engari he mea hoki e whakarerekē ana i te kaupapa mōhio. Hei tauira, i roto i te Zen, kua hangaia ētahi whakaakoranga hei neke atu i ngā huarahi whakaaro noa, kaua ki te whakarei noa i te ariā.
Heoi, ehara tēnei wehewehenga o ngā tikanga i te mea tino tuturu. He taonga tuku iho wairua, he taonga mahi hoki tō te tikanga o te Hauāuru—pērā i te whakaaroaro i roto i te Neoplatonism, i ngā mahi oranga Stoic rānei. I taua wā, he tautohetohe ariā koi anō hoki tō te tikanga o te Rawhiti, pērā i te tautohetohe Madhyamaka mō te koretake (śūnyatā) me (i Īnia) he tikanga arorau pūnaha.
Ngā tirohanga mō te ao me te tangata ake
Ko tētahi rerekētanga e whakahuatia pinepinetia ana ko te tirohanga ki te "ahau". I roto i te nuinga o ngā whakaaro o te Hauāuru, inā koa mai i a Descartes, e whakaarohia ana te kaupapa he tangata takitahi motuhake—ko te "ahau" he pokapū hinengaro motuhake e kaha ana ki te ruarua i ngā mea katoa kia kitea ai te tino pono. Kua awe tēnei i ngā ariā hou mō ngā tika takitahi, te herekoretanga, me te tuakiri whaiaro.
I ētahi o ngā tikanga o te Rawhiti, he maha ngā wā ka māramahia te "whaiaro" mā te whanaungatanga, mā te raruraru rānei. Hei tauira, ka werohia e te whakapono Puta te ariā o te "whaiaro pumau" mā te ariā o te anatta (kore-whaiaro). Ka whakanohohia e te whakapono Konihucian te tangata ki roto i te whatunga o ngā whanaungatanga whānau me te hapori, ka taea ai te hanga tuakiri mā roto i ngā tūranga me ngā kawenga. Ka whakanuia e te Taoism te rere me te rere o te tuakiri, ka akiaki i te tangata kia "rere" me ngā tukanga taiao.
Heoi, kāore ngā whakaaro katoa o te Rawhiti e whakahē ana i te "whaiaro" (hei tauira, ko ētahi kura Hindu e whakanui ana i te Atman), ā, kāore ngā whakaaro katoa o te Hauāuru e whakanui ana i te ego (hei tauira, e ruarua ana a Hume i te mauri o te whaiaro, ko te phenomenology ia e tūhura ana i te hinengaro hei wheako kāore i te mea ngāwari pērā i te "Ahau motuhake").
Ngā tikanga matatika me te kaupapa o te ora : te ngākau pono, te herekoretanga, me te rangimārie
I roto i ngā tikanga matatika o te Hauāuru, he maha ngā huarahi: ko ngā tikanga matatika o te ngākau pono a Aristotle, ko te deontology a Kant e aro nui ana ki te herenga matatika, ko te utilitarianism e aromatawai ana i ngā hua, me ngā tikanga matatika o nāianei mō te tika me ngā tika tangata . He maha ngā tautohetohe matatika o te Hauāuru e aro ana ki ngā mātāpono whānui: he aha ngā ture tika mō te katoa?
He maha ngā wā e aro nui ana ngā tikanga matatika o te Rawhiti ki te hanga i te āhua me te rangimārie. Ko te whakapono o te Kōnfucianism e aro nui ana ki te ren (te tangata) me te li (ngā tikanga/ngā tikanga) hei huarahi ki te whakatipu i tētahi hapori pai. Ko te whakapono o te Buddhism e aro nui ana ki te aroha me te whakaaro nui, ehara i te mea ko ngā "tikanga" anake engari ko ngā āhuatanga o roto kua whakatipuria. Ko te whakapono o te Hinduism me te Jainism e aro nui ana ki te ahimsa (te kore tutu) hei mātāpono whānui mō te matatika.
Kei te aronga te rerekētanga: he maha ngā pātai a te Hauāuru "he aha te mea tika mō te taha morare?" ko te pātai ia a te Rawhiti "me pēhea te noho hei tangata pakeke, me te kore e mamae?" Ae ra, ka taea e ngā mea e rua te tūtaki: he tino kaha hoki te ariā o te ngākau pai ki te Hauāuru, ā, kei te Rawhiti anō hoki ngā mātāpono matatika whānui.
Pūtaiao, matatika, me ngā huarahi mōhio
I whakawhanakehia te rapunga whakaaro o te Hauāuru hou i te taha o te pūtaiao, nō reira, he nui te aro o te epistemology (te ariā o te mātauranga) ki te whakamāoritanga, te taunakitanga, te tikanga pūtaiao, me te whakahē. I whakanuia e te Wā Māramatanga te whakaaro whaitake me te whakamārama take. I te rautau 20, i whakaratohia e te rapunga whakaaro o te reo me te arorau he taputapu tātari mō te tirotiro pakari i ngā kereme.
I te Rawhiti, ko ngā huarahi mōhio he maha ngā wā ka uru atu ki te taha o roto: te māramatanga, te wheako tika, me te hinengaro hei mara rangahau. Hei tauira, ehara ngā tikanga whakaaroaro i te mea he mahi whakangā noa iho, engari he tikanga hei kite mārama i te hinengaro me te mooni. Heoi anō, e whakaae ana ngā tikanga o te Rawhiti ki tētahi whakarōpūtanga pakari ake o ngā puna mātauranga (pramana), inā koa i roto i te rapunga whakaaro o Īnia.
Te wāhi hui me te awe tahi
I tēnei ao whānui, kei te rere haere ngā rohe i waenganui i te "Hauāuru me te Rawhiti". Ka awe ngā mahi whakaaroaro Buddhist i te hinengaro hou, ā, ka whakamahia ngā tikanga arorau me ngā tikanga tātari o te Hauāuru hei pānui mātauranga i ngā tuhinga o te Rawhiti. He maha ngā kaipūkenga o ēnei rā e whai ana ki te whakakotahi i ngā mea e rua: te pakari o te tautohetohe me te hohonu o te whakarerekētanga whaiaro. Ahakoa ngā take hou—te raruraru taiao, te kore taurite pāpori, te wehenga matihiko—e hiahia ana ki te whakaaro nui puta noa i ngā tikanga tuku iho.
E whakamahara ana tēnei tūtakitanga i a tātou ehara te "Hauāuru" me te "Rawhiti" i ngā pouaka e rua kua kati, engari he whānau nui e rua, he rite tonu te uaua o ngā huarahi pātai. Ko te awhi i te pai o ngā mea e rua, ko te maia ki te arohaehae, ki te tuwhera, me te whakaiti: te ako ki te tautohetohe mārama, me te ako anō hoki ki te noho mōhio.
Te Katinga
He rerekē ngā whakaaro o te Hauāuru me te Rawhiti i roto i ō rāua au o mua, i ō rāua tikanga, me ō rāua whakanui: he kaha te Hauāuru ki te tātari ariā me te tautohetohe ōkawa, ko te Rawhiti ia he kaha ki te whakauru i te whakaaro me te mahi. Heoi, kāore e taea te whakaiti i tētahi o ēnei hei momo āhua noa iho. He taputapu ēnei e rua hei mārama ki te ao tūturu, hei hanga i te āhua, hei hanga i tētahi hapori pai ake. Hei whakamutunga, ehara i te mea ko "ko tēhea te mea pai ake," engari ko te pātai me pēhea tā tātou kōrero, te ako, me te whakamahi i te whakaaro nui o ngā mea e rua hei aro atu ki ngā wero o te oranga tangata o ēnei rā.
