Te Anarīhi me te Rapunga Whakaaro Tōrangapū
Ko te Anarchism he tikanga tuku iho o te whakaaro tōrangapū e tautoko ana i tētahi hapori kāore he kāwanatanga—he hapori e hangai ana ngā whanaungatanga pāpori ki ngā mātāpono o te herekore tūao, te mahi tahi, me te kotahitanga. I ahu mai i te kupu Kariki "anarchos," ko te tikanga "kāore he kaiārahi," he maha ngā wā ka hē te whakamārama i te anarchism hei kupu taurite mō te pōrearea, te ture rānei o te ngahere. I roto i te horopaki o te rapunga whakaaro tōrangapū, ka tukuna e te anarchism he arotake nui ki ngā pūnaha hierarchical me te mana whakahaere, ā, ka whakaarohia he huarahi kē atu e whakatairanga ana i te herekore takitahi me te ōritetanga.
Ngā Pūtake me te Hītori o te Anarchism
1. Te Anarīhi Matarohia:
I tīmata te whanaketanga o te Anarchism hei kaupapa tōrangapū i te rautau 19. Ko ngā tino tangata pērā i a Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Mikhail Bakunin, me Peter Kropotkin ngā pionia o tēnei whakaaro. E rongonui ana a Proudhon mō tana tirohanga "he tahae te taonga," he whakahē i te mana motuhake e whakamahi kino ana i ngā kaimahi. I tētahi atu taha, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana a Bakunin mō tana whakahē i ngā momo mana kāwanatanga katoa me tana ngana ki te hono i te anarchism ki te kaupapa mahi. I tāpirihia e Kropotkin he taha pūtaiao ki tana ariā anarcho-communist, i tautoko i te whakakorenga o te kāwanatanga me ngā taonga tūmataiti, me te whakakapi i aua hapori ki ngā hapori motuhake o te mahi tahi tūao.
2. Te Anarīhi i te rautau 20:
I te rautau 20, i rerekē ngā panonitanga o te anarchism. I Pāniora, i te Pakanga Ā-Iwi o 1936–1939, i eke te anarchism ki tōna taumata teitei me ngā whakamātautau pāpori hurihuri i roto i te ahua o te whakakotahitanga o te ahumahi me te ahuwhenua. I taua wā anō, i whai wāhi nui ngā tāngata pēnei i a Emma Goldman rāua ko Alexander Berkman ki te hora i ngā whakaaro anarchist i te United States. Heoi, i te aranga ake o te fascism me te communism mana-ture, ka heke te kaupapa anarchist.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Anarchism
1. Te Whakahē i te Mana Whakahaere:
E whakahē ana te Anarchism i ngā momo mana katoa e whakaarohia ana he tukino, ahakoa he kāwanatanga, he whakapono, he pūnaha tāpua rānei. E kitea ana te kāwanatanga hei kaihanga o te hē ā-pūnaha, e whakaatuhia ana i roto i te pakanga, te tukino, me te whakamahi kino ōhanga. E whakapono ana ngā Anarchists ka pirau te mana, nō reira, me whakakore ngā hanganga mana whakahaere kia whakaaetia ai te herekoretanga me te ōritetanga pono.
2. Te Mana Motuhake me te Herekoretanga o te Tangata Takitahi:
E whakanui ana ngā kaikōkiri i te hiranga o te mana motuhake o te tangata takitahi. E whakaarohia ana kei ia tangata te kaha ki te whakahaere i a ia anō me te kore e hiahiatia he wawaotanga mai i waho. Ko te tikanga o te herekore i konei ehara i te mea ko te herekore mai i te tukino tōrangapū anake engari ko te herekore mai i te tukino ōhanga.
3. Te Kotahitanga me te Āwhina a te Tangata ki te Tangata:
Ko ngā mātāpono o te kotahitanga me te āwhina tahi te tūāpapa o ngā hapori anarī. I roto i tana pukapuka "Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution," i tautohe a Kropotkin ko te mahi tahi me te kotahitanga he āhuatanga taketake o te tangata kua whai wāhi nui ki tō tātou oranga me te whanaketanga.
Te Anarīhi i roto i te Rapunga Whakaaro Tōrangapū
1. Te whakahē i te Kāwanatanga:
I roto i te rapunga whakaaro tōrangapū, e kitea ana te kāwanatanga hei kaitiaki mō te tikanga me te tika. E whakahē ana te Anarchism i tēnei whakaaro, e kī ana ko te kāwanatanga he taputapu mana e pupuri ana i te kore taurite pāpori me te ōhanga. Hei tauira, kei roto i ngā mahi a Bakunin tēnei tautohe, nāna i whakanui te whakanui ake a te kāwanatanga i te tukino a te akomanga mahi e te akomanga rangatira.
He maha ngā tohunga whakaaro tōrangapū, pērā i a Hobbes, Locke, me Rousseau, e whakamārama ana i te hanganga o te kāwanatanga mā te ariā o te kirimana pāpori, e whakaae ana ngā tāngata takitahi ki te tuku i ētahi o ō rātou mana hei utu mō te haumarutanga me te tikanga. Ka whakahē ngā Anarchists i tēnei ariā, me te kī kāore aua kirimana i tino whakaaetia e ngā tāngata katoa, ā, he huarahi noa iho tēnei hei whakamana i ngā hanganga mana whakamahi.
3. Te Manapori me te Anarchism:
Ahakoa e kiia ana te manapori ko te momo kāwanatanga tino tika, e whakaatu ana te anarchism i ōna herenga. Ko te manapori rīperare o ēnei rā, mai i te tirohanga anarchist, kei te whakawhirinaki tonu ki ngā hanganga hierarki me ngā umanga kāwanatanga tukino. Ko ngā kōwhiringa pēnei i te "manapori tika" me te "whakakotahitanga kore utu" he rite ake ki ngā mātāpono anarchist nā te mea ka taea te whai wāhi tika me te mana motuhake ā-rohe.
Te Anarchism i roto i te Mahi
1. Ngā Hāpatista:
I Chiapas, Mexico, ko te kaupapa Zapatista tētahi tauira hou o te anarchism i roto i te mahi. Ka whakahē ngā hapori Zapatista i te kāwanatanga ā-motu, ā, ka whakahaere i a rātou anō mā roto i ngā kaunihera motuhake e hangai ana ki ngā mātāpono o te manapori tika me te kotahitanga.
2. Te Kaiwhakaora Hapori:
I ētahi wāhi o te ao, kua whakaohokia e ētahi atu momo whakahaere whakaoranga, pērā i ngā rōpū libertine i Rojava, Hiria, te tini o ngā kaiwhakahau. Ka hangaia e rātou he hanganga pāpori-tōrangapū e ngana ana ki te whakamahi i ngā mātāpono o te anarchism i roto i te horopaki o te pakanga me te pakanga.
3. Ngā Nekehanga Hapori:
Hei tāpiritanga, he maha ngā kaupapa pāpori pēnei i a Occupy Wall Street me ngā whakahē a te G20 e whakamahi ana i ngā tikanga anarchist pēnei i te mahi tika, ngā kaunihera whānui, me ngā momo whakatau whakaae whānui hei whakahē i te kore taurite ōhanga me ngā kaupapa here kore tika a te kāwanatanga.
Arotake me ngā Wero mō te Anarchism
1. Te Whakaponotanga o te Ao Tūroa:
Ko tētahi whakahē noa mō te anarchism ko tōna āhua utopia rawa, ā, kāore i te tūturu. E kī ana ngā kairīti ka taka te hapori kāore he hanganga whakahaere ki roto i te pōrearea. Hei whakautu, he maha ngā wā ka tohu ngā kairīti anarchists ki ngā tauira o mua me ngā mahi hou e whakaatu ana ka taea e ngā hapori te whakarite pai me te kore he mana whakahaere a te kāwanatanga.
2. Te Whakarite me te Whakahaere Rautaki:
Ko tētahi atu wero mahi ko te whakahaere i ngā mahi whakahaere me te whakaritenga i roto i tētahi hapori anarī. Ka arohia tēnei e ngā anarī mā roto i ngā ariā o te mana whakahaere me te whakakotahitanga whatunga, ka whakatauhia ngā whakataunga ā-rohe engari ka whakaritea mā roto i ngā whakaaetanga tūao i waenga i ngā hapori.
Whakamutunga
Ahakoa te maha o ngā wā kāore i te mārama te tikanga o te Anarchism, he nui ngā māramatanga me ngā arotakenga mō ngā pūnaha tōrangapū me ngā pūnaha pāpori o nāianei. Mā te whakanui i ngā mātāpono o te herekoretanga, te kotahitanga, me te mana motuhake o te tangata takitahi, ka werohia e te anarchism ngā whakaaro taketake mō te mana me te kāwanatanga. I roto i te horopaki o te rapunga whakaaro tōrangapū, ka whakaatuhia e te anarchism te hiranga o te pātai i te tika o te mana me te rapu i ngā huarahi rerekē e rite ana, e kore e herekore ana. Ahakoa te maha o ngā whakahē me ngā wero e pā ana ki a ia, kua whakaatuhia e te hītori me te mahi a te anarchism he taea te whakaaro me te mahi ki tētahi hapori tino herekore me te tika.
