Te Oranga-ā-Iwi me te Whakakatakata o te Ao
Ko te oranga tonutanga he kura whakaaro i whānau mai i Ūropi i te rautau 20, e whakanui ana i te hiranga o te takitahi, te herekoretanga, me te whakatau whaiaro hei hoatu tikanga ki te oranga o te tangata. I whakanui ngā tohunga whakaaro o tēnei kura, pērā i a Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, me Friedrich Nietzsche, kāore he tikanga o te ao, ā, kua tukuna ki te tangata te herekoretanga ki te whakatau i tōna ake tikanga.
I tōna pūtake, ka pātaihia e te whakapono-ā-roto ngā pātai hohonu mō te oranga o te tangata: He aha te tikanga o te ora? He aha tā tātou kaupapa i konei? Me pēhea tātou e ora ai? Mai i te tirohanga a te whakapono-ā-roto, kāore he ūnga whakamutunga kua whakaritea. Ka whakatakotohia he kawenga nui ki ngā tāngata takitahi ki te whakatau i tō rātou ake mutunga me te waihanga tikanga mō ō rātou oranga. Ka akiakihia e tēnei kura te karo i te noho i runga i ngā tumanakohanga me ngā ture i hangaia e te hapori, te whakapono, ētahi atu umanga rānei. E whai ana te tangata whakapono-ā-roto ki te ora pono, arā, mā te noho i te oranga pono, kāore e herea e ngā tikanga me ngā whakapono o waho.
I tētahi atu taha, he ariā e hono tata ana te wairangi ki te ariā o te ao tūturu, inā koa i roto i ngā mahi a Albert Camus. Ko te wairangi e pā ana ki te pakanga i waenganui i te rapunga a te tangata i te tikanga me te kore e taea e te ao te whakarato. E ai ki a Camus, he wairangi te rapunga tonu a te tangata i te tikanga i roto i tō rātou oranga nā te mea kāore i te mārama, kāore hoki i te tino whai take te ao.
E whakaatu ana a Camus i tēnei kaupapa mā roto i te pūrākau mō Sisyphus, he tangata nō ngā pūrākau Kariki i whakataua kia hurihia tonutia he kohatu nui ki runga i te puke, ā, i ia wā ka tata ia ki te tihi, ka hurihia iho te kohatu nui. I mau a Sisyphus i roto i tētahi huringa mutunga kore, kāore he hua e kitea. Ki a Camus, he tohu a Sisyphus mō te wairangi, engari kei muri i a ia ko te herekoretanga whakamiharo me te mana o te tangata. I whakatau a Camus "me whakaaro tātou ki a Sisyphus e harikoa ana," nā te mea kei roto i te koretake ka kitea e te tangata te herekoretanga pono: mā te awhi i te wairangi me te tohe tonu ki te ora ki te tino.
I whai wāhi nui anō hoki a Jean-Paul Sartre ki te whanaketanga o te rapunga whakaaro o te hunga whakapono ki te ao tūturu. I whakanui a Sartre "ko te ao tūturu te mea e mua ana i te mauri." Ko te tikanga o tēnei ko te tangata e noho tuatahi ana, e wheako ana i te ora, kātahi ka wātea ki te whiriwhiri i ā rātou mahi me te waihanga i a rātou anō i runga i aua mahi. Ki a Sartre, kāore he mauri, he āhua taketake rānei o te tangata e noho ana i mua i te whānautanga; ko te tangata te kaihanga i te tikanga o ō rātou oranga mā roto i ā rātou whakatau me ā rātou mahi.
I whakanuia e Sartre te ariā o te "manukanuka noho" e puta ake ana i te herekoretanga o te tangata. Ko te herekoretanga ki te whakatau i ngā kōwhiringa me te kore he aratohu tino tika ka puta he manukanuka nui, i te mea ka mōhio te tangata ko rātou anake te kawenga mō tā rātou ake hanganga me ngā hua o ā rātou mahi. Ahakoa he whakamataku, he puna kaha me te pono hoki tēnei herekoretanga, nā te mea ka taea e te tangata te hanga i ō rātou oranga i runga i te kōwhiringa whaiaro, ehara i te whakahau a waho.
He tirohanga hōhonu, he tirohanga whakamā hoki te oranga tangata nā te whakaaro koretake me te whakaaro wairangi. E whakahē ana rāua i ngā ariā kua whakaritea mō te kaupapa me te tikanga, me te tono kia aro atu te tangata ki te koretake me te koretake me te manawanui me te whai wāhi katoa. I roto i te poto, ko te oranga ora he oranga e mōhio ana ki tēnei koretake, e whakaae ana ki te koretake, ā, e whiriwhiri tonu ana ki te ora me te ngākau nui me te kawenga.
Ahakoa te āhua nihilism, kei roto hoki i te whakaaro existentialist te tumanako huna. Mā te whakaae ki tēnei āwangawanga, ka whakatuwherahia e tātou te āheinga ki te waihanga i tētahi mea tino taketake me te pono mai i ō tātou oranga. Mā te tango i te kawenga katoa mō tō tātou ake aituā, ka hoatu ki a tātou te whai wāhi ki te hanga i te ao e hiahiatia ana e tātou, me te herekore me te maia katoa.
Ko tētahi raruraru noa i roto i te whakaaro o te hunga whakapono ki te ao tūturu ko te āhua o te kimi, te waihanga rānei i te tikanga i waenganui i tēnei koretake me te wairangi. I roto i ngā kupu a Nietzsche, "Kua mate te Atua," e whakaatu ana i te hinganga o ngā ariā tuku iho mō te tikanga me te kaupapa i whakaratohia e tētahi mea teitei ake. Engari, ka werohia ngā hunga whakapono ki te ao tūturu kia noho hei "kaihono i ngā uara hou," arā, me waihanga me te whakaora i ō rātou ake tikanga me te maia me te whakaaro auaha.
Ko tētahi atu mahi e mahia ana e te hunga whakapono ki te ao tūturu ko te mahi. Mā te mahi, ka whakaū te tangata i tōna oranga, ka whakaatu hoki i tōna herekoretanga. Kāore ēnei mahi e hiahiatia kia nui, kia hurihanga rānei; i ētahi wā, mā ngā mahi o ia rā e mahia ana me te mōhio me te whai whakaaro katoa ka taea hoki te whakarato i te tikanga me te harikoa takitahi. E ai ki tā Camus, "Whakapono ki te maia o te tangata," me whakapono tātou mā te mahi tūturu, ka taea e tātou te tū atu ki te wairangi me te kimi i te tikanga i reira.
Ko te toi, te tuhituhi, te rapunga whakaaro, me te aroha ētahi o ngā huarahi e taea ai e te tangata te wheako me te whakaatu i tōna oranga. Hei tauira, i whakanui a Sartre i te hiranga o te toi ki te whakahōhonu i te wheako o te ao me te whakaata i te uaua o te oranga o te tangata. Ka taea e te toi te whakarato i tētahi huarahi hei whakatere i ngā mea kuware o te ao mā te ruku ki roto i ngā hōhonutanga o te wheako o te tangata me te whakaatu i ngā mea tūturu e whakaititia ana, e kore rānei e arohia.
I roto i te aroha, e kite ana ngā tāngata whakapono ki te ao tūturu he mara kaha tēnei mō te wheako i te tangata pono. Ki a Sartre, ehara te aroha i te mea e whakarato noa ana i te harikoa, i te whakamarie rānei; he pakanga ki te mōhio me te whakaae ki te herekoretanga o tētahi atu. He mahi mōrearea tēnei, nā te mea ko te aroha pono he tuwhera me te ngoikore, engari mā roto tonu i tēnei ka taea e tātou te kite i te hohonutanga me te ataahua pono o ō tātou whanaungatanga ki ētahi atu.
Hei whakamutunga, ko te whakaaro ki te ao tūroa me te āhua pōrangi o te ao e wero ana i a tātou takitahi kia kawe i te kawenga mō ō tātou ake oranga, ahakoa i waenganui i te koretake me te kore e taea te matapae o te ao. Ka akiaki i a tātou kia tū atu ki te āhua pōrangi me te maia, me te waihanga i te tikanga me te uara mai i roto i a tātou anō. I roto i tēnei tukanga, ka kitea e tātou te herekoretanga, te pono, me te rangimārie tūturu pea. Kia mōhio he āhua pōrangi te ao, engari mā te whakaae ki te āhua pōrangi ka kitea e tātou te tikanga me te ataahua tūturu o tō tātou oranga.
