Te Ariā Āhuatanga o Alfred Schutz
E mōhiotia ana a Alfred Schutz (1899–1959) ko tētahi o ngā tino tangata i hono i te rapunga whakaaro o te phenomenology me ngā pūtaiao pāpori, inā koa ko te pāpori. Ahakoa i aro nui te phenomenology a Edmund Husserl ki te hanganga o te hinengaro me te āhua o te puta o ngā mea i roto i te wheako, i kawea mai e Schutz tēnei huarahi ki te ao o te oranga pāpori o ia rā. Ki a Schutz, ehara te mooni pāpori i te mea "e noho noa ana" i waho o te tangata, engari he mea hanga, he mea ora, he mea hoatu he tikanga mā te hinengaro me te taunekeneke. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka māramahia te ariā phenomenology a Schutz hei ngana ki te whakamārama me pēhea te mārama o te tangata ki te ao pāpori me te mahi i roto i a ia i runga i ngā tikanga e hangaia ana e rātou.
Papamuri me te Awe o te Whakaaro
I whānau mai a Schutz i Austria, ā, i tino awehia ia e ngā iahiko nui e rua: ko te phenomenology a Husserl me te interpretative sociology a Max Weber. Mai i a Husserl, i arotahi a Schutz ki ngā wheako o te kaupapa, te whakaaro nui (ko te hinengaro kei te "haere tonu ki" tetahi mea), me te āhua o te ao e kitea ana he whai tikanga. Mai i a Weber, i tangohia e ia te ariā o te verstehen—te māramatanga whakamaori o te mahi pāpori. Kātahi ka whakakotahi a Schutz i ngā mea e rua: ka taea anake te mārama ki te mahi pāpori mēnā ka hopukina e ngā kairangahau ngā tikanga whaiaro o ngā kaiwhakaari i roto i ō rātou oranga o ia rā.
Nō reira, ka taea te kī ko te phenomenology a Schutz he phenomenology "hapori": ehara i te mea ko te hinengaro takitahi anake te arotahi, engari ko te hinengaro o te tangata e noho tahi ana me ētahi atu, e whakawhitiwhiti ana i ngā tohu, i te reo, i ngā tikanga, me ngā mahinga pāpori.
Te Ao Ora (Lebenswelt) me te Ao Tūturu o Ia Rā
Ko tētahi ariā matua o ngā mahi a Schutz ko te ao ora (Lebenswelt), te ao e kitea ana e tātou he mea noa, e noho "ā-taiao" ana, ā, e mahi ana hei pūtake mō ā tātou mahi o ia rā. I te ao ora, kāore te tangata e pātai tonu ana i ngā mea katoa i runga i te whakaaro nui. Ka haere tonu tātou i ā tātou mahi o ia rā: te mahi, te ako, te hokohoko, te kōrero ki ētahi atu, te aromatawai i ngā āhuatanga, me te whakatau i runga i te māramatanga mahi.
E ai ki a Schutz, he mea noa iho te ao o te ao. Hei tauira, ina eke te tangata i runga i te waka a te iwi, kāore rātou e whakaaroaro anō i ngā ture pāpori katoa i roto i te ariā. E "mōhio" ana rātou ki te whanonga: te tū i te rārangi, te utu, te kimi nohoanga, te tono whakaaetanga rānei. Kāore tēnei mōhiotanga i te mōhiotia whānuitia i ngā wā katoa, engari he papamuri e āhei ai te mahi.
Te Hononga-ā-Iwi: Te Tikanga Tohatoha
Ahakoa e whakahēngia ana te phenomenology mō te takitahi rawa, e kī ana a Schutz kei roto tonu ngā wheako tangata i roto i te anga o te whanaungatanga takitahi, he ao tikanga e tohaina ana ki ētahi atu. E mārama ana tātou ki te kōrero, ki ngā nekehanga, ki ngā tikanga rānei nā te mea e noho ana tātou i roto i ngā hapori e tohatoha ana, e tohatoha ana rānei i ngā mātauranga me ngā tikanga ōrite.
Mā te whanaungatanga takitahi ka taea te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te whakarite i ngā mahi. Ina kī mai tetahi, "Tena koa kati te tatau," ka mārama ētahi ki te tikanga, ehara i te tangi o ngā kupu anake. Ka puta tēnei māramatanga nā te mea he anga tikanga tahi te reo me ngā āhuatanga pāpori. Ki tā Schutz, ka mahi te hapori nā te mea he kaha te tangata ki te whakaaro he rite tonu te whakamārama a ētahi atu i te ao.
Pūtake o te Mātauranga me te Whakatakotoranga
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a Schutz ko te ariā o tētahi puranga mātauranga kei te ringa, arā, te kohinga o ngā wheako, ngā mōhiotanga, ngā tikanga, me ngā kāwai mahi a te tangata, ā, e whakamahia ana e ia hei mārama ki ngā āhuatanga. Kāore tēnei puranga mātauranga e hangaia takitahitia; ka tukuna iho mā te whānau, te mātauranga, te pāpāho, te tikanga tuku iho, me ngā taunekeneke pāpori.
Ko tā tātou puna mātauranga e mahi ana mā te tauira, arā, te tukanga o te whakarōpū i ngā tāngata, i ngā kaupapa, i ngā mahi rānei kia rite ki ngā "momo" hei āwhina i a tātou ki te whakatere i te ao pāpori. Hei tauira, kei a tātou ngā tauira o "kaiako," "tākuta," "pirihimana," "kiritaki," "hoa tata rānei." Mā ngā tauira ka āwhina i a tātou ki te matapae me pēhea te whanonga me te mea e tumanakohia ana e ētahi atu. Heoi anō, ka taea hoki e ngā tauira te noho hei pūtake o ngā momo whakaaro tawhito mēnā ka mau tonu ki te kaha rawa.
Mā te whakamahi i te momo āhua, ka pai ake te whakaritenga me te matapae i te ao pāpori. Kāore tātou e hiahia ki te hanga i tō tātou māramatanga mai i te tīmatanga i ia wā ka tūtaki tātou ki tētahi tangata hou, nā te mea ka whakamahia e tātou ngā kāwai me ngā wheako o mua hei "mahere" tīmatanga.
Ngā Kaupapa Mahi: "Nā te mea he Kaupapa" me "Ngā Kaupapa Kia-Rite-ki-te-Rarangi"
E wehewehe ana hoki a Schutz i ngā momo hihiri e rua i roto i ngā mahi pāpori:
1. Te kaupapa "nā te mea" (weil-motive): he take e ahu mai ana i ngā wā o mua, i ngā wheako o mua, i ngā āhuatanga rānei e hanga ana i te tangata. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei ngā mahi mā te titiro ki tōna papamuri. Hei tauira, ka whiriwhiri tetahi ki te noho puku i te wā o te hui "nā te mea" i whakama rātou i te wā i kōrero ai rātou.
2. Hiahia "kia" (um-zu-Hiahia): ngā whāinga hei whakatutuki i te heke mai. E whakaahua ana i te mahi he mea kua tohutohuhia. Hei tauira, ka ako kaha tetahi "kia" puta i te whakamātautau me te whiwhi mahi.
He mea nui tēnei wehewehenga nā te mea kāore e taea te mārama ki ngā mahi a te tangata mā roto noa i ngā take me ngā pānga o waho. He mahi whai tikanga ngā mahi, ā, he maha ngā wā ka pā taua tikanga ki ngā whāinga, ngā mahere, me te whakamārama a te kaiwhakaari i te āhuatanga.
Te Ahu o te Wā me te Maramaramatanga i roto i te Wheako Hapori
Ki a Schutz, e hono tonu ana te wheako tangata ki te wā. Ka whakamāramahia e tātou ngā kaupapa o nāianei mā te titiro ki ngā mea o mua (ngā wheako kua rongoatia hei maharatanga) me ngā mea o muri mai (ngā tumanako, ngā mahere, me ngā mea ka taea). Nō reira, he hanganga wā tō te mahi pāpori: ka whakamāramahia e te tangata tētahi āhuatanga, ka whakaarohia ngā mea ka taea, kātahi ka mahi.
I roto i te oranga o ia rā, kāore te tangata e whai wāhi tonu ki te whakaaroaro hōhonu, engari e whakawhirinaki ana ki tētahi "hinengaro mahi" e whakarite tonu ana i ngā wheako i ia wā. Mā tēnei ka whakamārama he aha i taea ai e te tokorua te hoatu tikanga rerekē ki te kaupapa kotahi: he rerekē ngā papamuri wheako me ngā aronga ā muri ake nei e kawea mai ana e rāua.
Ngā Hononga Hapori: "Tātou" me "Rātou"
Ka kōrero anō a Schutz mō te pānga o te tata o te whanaungatanga ki te māramatanga o ētahi atu. I roto i ngā whanaungatanga tika, piripono, ka taea te hanga i te tikanga whai rawa atu nā ngā taunekeneke auau, ngā wheako tiritiri, me te mōhio tahi. He maha ngā wā ka kiia tēnei he aronga "tātou" (whanaungatanga-tātou). He rerekē ki ētahi atu e tawhiti ana, e kore rānei e mōhiotia e tātou (whanaungatanga-rātou), ka whakawhirinaki tātou ki ngā momo whānui ake, kāore i te tino taipitopito.
Hei tauira, ka mārama tātou ki ngā hoa mā roto i ngā wheako tūturu me ngā kōrero hōhonu, engari ka mārama ake tātou ki ngā "kaimahi ratonga" me ngā "tāngata i te tiriti" mā roto i ngā kāwai pāpori e wātea ana. E whakaatu ana tēnei rerekētanga kei te noho te māramatanga pāpori i ngā taumata rerekē, mai i te tangata whaiaro ki te tangata huna.
Ngā Pānga Tikanga i roto i ngā Pūtaiao Pāpori
He nui te pānga o te phenomenology a Schutz ki ngā tikanga rangahau kounga, inā koa ngā huarahi whakamaori pērā i te ethnomethodology me te tohu taunekeneke. I roto i āna rangahau, i akiaki a Schutz i ngā kaipūtaiao pāpori kia:
– Te mārama ki ngā mahi a te tangata mai i te tirohanga a te kaiwhakaari (te tikanga ā-tangata).
– Te whai i ngā mātauranga, ngā mahi o ia rā, me ngā momo tauira e whakamahia ana e ngā kaiwhakaari.
– Kia mōhio ko te ao pāpori he mea hanga mā te whakamāramatanga ā-tangata, ehara i te mea mā ngā meka tūpono anake.
Nō reira, ko ngā uiuinga hōhonu, te mātakitakitanga whai wāhi, me te tātaritanga wheako ora e whakaarohia ana he rite ki te wairua o te ariā a Schutz. Ehara i te mea ko te kohikohi raraunga whanonga anake ngā kairangahau engari e ngana ana hoki ki te hopu i te "ao o te tikanga" e ahu mai ana i taua whanonga.
Te Arotakenga me te Hiranga o Nāianei
Ahakoa tōna awe, kua whakahēngia hoki te ariā a Schutz. E kī ana ētahi he nui rawa te whakanui o tana huarahi i ngā tikanga whaiaro me ngā mahi o ia rā, ā, ka whakaiti i ngā hanganga mana, ngā pakanga, ngā rerekētanga pāpori rānei e hanga ana i te wheako. Heoi anō, he maha ngā kaitātari whakaaro kua whakawhanake i te huarahi phenomenological hei whakauru i ngā āhuatanga o te mana me ngā umanga.
I roto i ngā horopaki o ēnei rā—hei tauira, pāpāho pāpori—kei te mau tonu te hiranga o ngā whakaaro o Schutz. E whakaatu ana ngā taunekeneke matihiko i te tere o te hanganga o ngā momo tauira, te āhua o te hanganga o ngā puna mātauranga e ngā rauropi me ngā hapori ipurangi, me te āhua o te mahi a te whanaungatanga i roto i ngā wāhi kāore i te tūtaki kanohi ki te kanohi i ngā wā katoa. Ka taea te tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te "tuakiri ipurangi," te "ahurea kōrero," me te "virality" hei tukanga hanga tikanga i roto i ngā ao hou.
Te Katinga
Ko te ariā phenomenological a Alfred Schutz e whakatakoto ana i te tikanga ki waenganui o te tātaritanga o te oranga pāpori. E whakaatu ana ia he mea hanga te hapori mai i ngā mahi e māramahia ana, e whakamāramahia ana hoki e ngā kaiwhakaari i roto i te ao ora e kiia ana he taiao. Mā roto i ngā ariā o te ao ora, te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā tāngata, ngā puna mātauranga, te momo āhua, me ngā kaupapa mahi, ka whakaratohia e Schutz ngā taputapu hei mārama ki te "whakaputa" i te mooni pāpori i ia rā mā te whakamārama me te taunekeneke. Mō te pūtaiao pāpori, ehara i te mea he ariā noa iho te takoha a Schutz engari he aronga tikanga anō hoki: te mārama ki te tangata mā te whakatata atu ki ā rātou ake huarahi whakamārama i te ao.
