Ngā Rerekētanga i waenga i te Arorangi o Mua me te Arorangi o Mua
Ko te whaipara tangata te pūtaiao e ako ana i ngā tāngata o mua mā roto i ngā toenga rauemi i mahue iho i a rātou, pērā i ngā taputapu, ngā whare, ngā toenga kai, me ngā whenua i hangaia e ngā mahi a te tangata. I roto i te mahi, he maha ngā peka me ngā tohungatanga o te whaipara tangata. Ko ngā wāhanga e rua e whakamahia ana hei wehewehe i te arotahi o te ako whaipara tangata ko te whaipara tangata o mua me te whaipara tangata hītori. Ko te whāinga o ngā mea e rua he mārama ki te oranga o te tangata o mua, engari he rerekē ngā momo puna, ngā wā, ngā tikanga, me ngā huarahi ki te whakamārama i ngā raraunga.
Ko te whakaahuatanga e whai ake nei he mārama ake, he whānui ake hoki mō ngā rerekētanga i waenga i te whaipara tangata o mua me te whaipara tangata hītori.
1. Ngā Rerekētanga o te Whakamāramatanga me te Whānuitanga
Ko te whaipara tangata o mua i te hītori te ako i te wā i mua i te whanaketanga o te tuhituhi a te tangata, i te wā rānei kāore he tuhinga hei hanga anō i te oranga o mua. Nō reira, ko te whaipara tangata o mua i te hītori e whakawhirinaki katoa ana ki ngā taunakitanga ā-tinana me te horopaki o ngā kitenga o te mara.
I taua wā anō, ka tirohia e te whaipara tangata hītori ngā wā i mōhio ai ngā hapori ki te tuhituhi me te waiho i ngā tuhinga (hei tauira, ngā tuhituhinga, ngā tuhinga ā-ringa, ngā pūranga koroni, ngā rātaka haere, ngā mapi, me ngā tuhinga whakahaere). Kei te arotahi tonu te whaipara tangata hītori ki ngā taonga me ngā wāhi, engari e tautokona ana—ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamatautauria—e ngā raraunga tuhinga.
Kia poto, ko te rerekētanga matua i waenga i ngā mea e rua kei te wātea mai o ngā puna tuhituhi: te hītori o mua kāore he tuhituhi, te hītori me te tuhituhi.
2. Ngā Rerekētanga o te Wā Ako
He roa rawa te wā o te keri whenua onamata, tae atu ki ngā miriona tau mena ka uru atu te wā o ngā tāngata o mua me te whanaketanga ahurea o mua. I roto i te horopaki o Initonīhia, he maha ngā wā ka kapi te keri whenua onamata i te Paleolithic (te Wā Kōhatu Tawhito), Mesolithic, Neolithic, me te Megalitikum, ā, i ētahi wā ka haere tonu tae noa ki te tīmatanga o te Wā Parahi (te Wā Konganuku) i mua i te kitenga o ngā taunakitanga tuhituhi i tētahi rohe.
He rerekē, ko te whaipara tangata hītori e kapi ana i tētahi wā "hou ake" i te wā: te wā mai i te tīmatanga o te puta mai o ngā tuhinga tae noa ki tētahi wā e tata ana ki tēnei rā. I Initonīhia, ka taea e te whaipara tangata hītori te kapi i ngā kingitanga Hindu-Buddhist (hei tauira, ngā taunakitanga tuhituhi), te wā Ihirama (i tupu ngā tuhinga me ngā tikanga tuhituhi), te wā koroni (he nui ngā pūranga), tae noa ki te wā o mua o te ao hou.
Heoi, he mea nui kia mōhiotia: kāore te rohe i waenganui i te hītori o mua me te hītori i te rite tonu i ngā wā katoa i ngā rohe katoa. I ako ētahi rohe i te tuhituhi i mua, ko ētahi i ako i muri mai. Nō reira, ko te wehewehenga i waenganui i te hītori o mua me te hītori he horopaki.
3. Ngā Rerekētanga o ngā Momo Pūtake Raraunga
a. Ngā Puna i roto i te Arorangi o mua
E whakawhirinaki ana te rangahau o mua ki ngā rauemi pēnei i:
– Ngā taputapu kōhatu (toki tapatapahi, kirikiri, mata pere)
– Ngā uku o mua, ngā taputapu wheua, ngā piripiri
– Ngā peita ana, ngā toenga o ngā whare noho, ngā ahi tahu
– Ngā urupā o mua me ngā whakaritenga urupā
– Ngā toenga o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe, ngā toenga kai, me ngā taiao tawhito
Nā te mea, ki te kore he tuhinga, ka tino hira ngā kōrero katoa o te horopaki o tētahi kitenga: ngā paparanga oneone, te tūnga o ngā taonga tuku iho, ngā hononga i waenga i ngā kitenga, me ngā tohu o ngā mahi a te tangata.
b. Ngā Puna i roto i te Ahuwhenua Hītori
Ka whakamahia e te rangahau keri whenua hītori te huinga o:
– Ngā taonga tuku iho (ngā uku, ngā konganuku, ngā moni, ngā whakapaipai, ngā patu)
– Ngā hanganga me ngā hoahoanga (ngā temepara, ngā mosque tawhito, ngā pā, ngā kāinga koroni)
– Ngā toenga o ngā pūnaha whakaputa (ngā wheketere huka, ngā maina, ngā ara rerewē)
– Ngā tuhinga tuhituhi (ngā tuhituhinga, ngā tuhinga ā-ringa, ngā pūranga kāwanatanga, ngā tuhinga mihinare/kaihokohoko)
– Ngā mapi, ngā whakaahua tawhito, me ngā kōrero tuku iho kua tuhia
Mā te noho mai o ngā tuhinga, ka taea e ngā kairangahau whaipara tangata hītori te whakataurite i ngā "kōrero" o ngā tuhinga ki ngā kitenga o te mara, tae atu ki te whakamātautau mō te whakaaro whāiti, ngā āputa kōrero rānei i roto i ngā tuhinga.
4. Ngā Rerekētanga o ngā Huarahi me ngā Tikanga Rangahau
I roto i te whaipara tangata onamata, ko ngā tikanga pēnei i te keri paparanga whenua me te tātari momo o ngā taonga tuku iho te mea matua. Ko te whakatau i te pakeketanga o tētahi wāhi he maha ngā wā e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā tikanga pūtaiao mō te tau, hei tauira:
– Radiocarbon (C-14) mō ngā toenga rauropi
– Te whakamahana rama mō ētahi uku
– Te Whakamārama Whakaohoohotia e te Whatu (OSL) mō te paru
– Tātaritanga matawhenua, matawhenua (pollen) me te tātaritanga kararehe
I te korenga o ngā tuhinga, ka whakawhirinaki ngā whakamārama o mua i ngā tauira o roto i ngā rauemi: te hanga, te whakamahinga, me te whakakorenga o ngā taputapu; te hekenga mai o te tangata; te hanganga o ngā nohoanga; me te awe o ngā huringa taiao ki te ahurea.
I roto i te whaipara tangata hītori, haunga te keri me te tātari i ngā taonga tuku iho, ka mahia anō hoki e ngā kairangahau:
– Ngā rangahau pūranga me ngā rangahau reo (te pānui i ngā puna tawhito)
– Tātaritanga o ngā tuhinga (ngā tuhituhinga)
– Te ako i ngā whakaahua whare me ngā momo toi
– Te whakatauira i ngā whatunga whakamahere ā-wāhi o te tāone, ōhanga, me te hokohoko i runga i ngā raraunga tuhituhi me ngā raraunga rauemi
Ko ngā tikanga whaipara tangata hītori he mea whakawhiti i ngā marautanga o te whaipara tangata, te hītori, te mātauranga tangata, me ngā rangahau tuhinga-ā-ringa.
5. Ngā Rerekētanga o te Whakamārama i ngā Kitenga
Ko te whakamārama a te tohunga keri whenua o mua i ngā kōrero o mua mā te whakatau: te hanga i ngā tauira oranga pea i runga i ngā taunakitanga ā-tinana. Hei tauira, ko te kitenga o ētahi wheua kararehe me ngā taputapu tapahi ka arahi pea ki ngā whakatau mō ngā tauira hopu manu me te kai. Ka taea e ngā peita ana te whakarato i ngā tohu ki ngā tohu me ngā whakapono, ahakoa he uaua ki te whakatau i te tikanga tuturu.
He painga tō te keri whenua hītori nā te mea ka taea e ngā tuhinga te whakaingoa i ngā wāhi, ngā tāngata, ngā huihuinga, ngā pūnaha taake, tae atu ki ngā rārangi taonga. Engari he raruraru anō hoki ō ngā tuhinga: he whakatairanga, he whakaata i ngā tirohanga rangatira, he kore rānei e aro ki ētahi rōpū. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka mahi te keri whenua hītori hei taurite, hei tauira, te whakaatu i te oranga o te tangata noa mā roto i ngā kitenga ā-whare kāore i tuhia ki ngā tuhinga mana.
Ara, ko te hītori o mua e whakawhirinaki ana ki te "reo o ngā mea," ko te hītori ia e whakakotahi ana i te "reo o ngā mea" me te "reo o ngā tuhinga."
6. Ngā Rerekētanga i waenga i ngā Kaupapa me ngā Pātai Rangahau
Ko ngā pātai noa i roto i te whaipara tangata onamata ko:
– Nōnahea te tangata i tīmata ai te noho ki te whenua me te mahi ahuwhenua?
– I pēhea te whanaketanga o te hangarau taputapu kōhatu?
– Me pēhea te hekenga me te horapa o te tangata?
– He aha te hononga o te tangata ki te huringa āhuarangi o mua?
Ko ngā pātai noa i roto i te rangahau whaipara tangata hītori ko:
– I pēhea te hanganga o tētahi tāone kingi, tāone koroni rānei?
– I pēhea te mahi a ngā whatunga hokohoko uku me ngā mea kakara?
– He pēhea te puta o ngā taunekeneke ahurea i waenga i ngā manene me ngā kainoho o te rohe?
– He pēhea te whakaata i ngā mahi whakapono i roto i ngā whare me ngā taonga tuku iho?
Ahakoa he rerekē ngā kaupapa, e ngana ana ngā mea e rua ki te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga pāpori, ōhanga me ngā ahurea o te tangata.
7. Ngā Tauira Māmā o ngā Rerekētanga o ngā Taonga Ako
Hei whakangawari ake, whakaarohia kia rua ngā pae:
1. Ngā ana o mua me ngā peita pakitara me ngā taputapu kirikiri: e ngana ana ngā tohunga whaipara tangata o mua ki te whakautu ko wai i hanga, nōnahea i hangaia ai, me te aha hoki tā rātou mahi, me te kore āwhina o ngā tuhinga.
2. Pā Koroni me ngā maramara pounamu, ngā moni me ngā pūranga mapi: ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata hītori te hono i ngā kitenga ki ngā tuhinga o te hanganga o te pā, ngā mahi hōia, te hokohoko me te oranga o ia rā o ngā kainoho.
He rangahau whaipara tangata tonu ēnei e rua, engari he rerekē ngā rautaki pānui.
Whakamutunga
Ko te rerekētanga matua i waenga i te whaipara tangata o mua me te whaipara tangata hītori kei te aroaro o ngā puna tuhituhi. Ka ako te whaipara tangata o mua i te wā i mua i te tuhituhi, me te whakawhirinaki anake ki ngā raraunga rauemi me te tau pūtaiao, ko te whaipara tangata hītori ia e whakakotahi ana i ngā raraunga rauemi me ngā tuhinga tuhituhi hei hanga anō i te hītori i roto i te huarahi whai rawa me te arohaehae. Ahakoa ō rātou huarahi rerekē me ngā momo puna, ka tautokohia e ngā mea e rua tetahi ki tetahi i roto i te whakamārama i te haerenga roa a te tangata mai i ngā wā o mua ki nāianei.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te āwhina mā te tāpiri i ētahi tauira motuhake mai i Initonīhia (hei tauira, ko Sangiran, ko Leang-Leang, ko Borobudur, ko Kota Tua, ko ngā pā VOC rānei) kia mārama ake ai te horopaki o te tuhinga.
