Rangahau Whaipara Tangata mō ngā Hanganga Megalithic
Ko ngā hanganga megalithic tētahi o ngā toenga ahurea onamata rongonui i ngā rohe maha o te ao, tae atu ki Indonesia. Ko te kupu megalithic i ahu mai i ngā kupu Kariki ko megas (nui) me lithos (kōhatu), e pā ana ki te tikanga o te hanga whare, whakamaharatanga rānei mai i ngā kōhatu nunui. I Indonesia, kāore i herea te tikanga megalithic ki tētahi wā kotahi, engari i whanake i roto i tētahi wā roa, ā, i ētahi wāhi, i haere tonu ki ngā wā o mua. Nō reira, he mea nui te rangahau whaipara tangata ki ngā hanganga megalithic hei mārama ki ngā tauira noho, ngā whakapono, te whakaritenga pāpori, me ngā whanaungatanga tangata ki te whenua o mua.
Te Whakamāramatanga me ngā Momo Hanganga Megalithic
I roto i ngā rangahau whaipara tangata, he maha ngā āhua o ngā hanganga megalithic, i runga i tā rātou mahi me te horopaki ahurea o te rohe. Ko ētahi o ngā āhua noa ko ngā menhir (ngā tohu kōhatu poutū), ngā dolmen (ngā tēpu kōhatu), ngā sarcophagi (ngā kāwhena kōhatu), ngā urupā kōhatu, ngā piramiti kaupae (punden berundak), ngā whakapakoko kōhatu, tae noa ki te "temu gelang" (ngā poroporo kōhatu). He maha ngā wā e hono ana ēnei tikanga ki te karakia tūpuna, te tohu rohe, ngā tohu mana pāpori, ngā kawa mate rānei.
I Initonīhia, kei Sumatra (hei tauira, Pasemah), Java ki te Hauāuru (ngā piramita takahanga), Sulawesi Waenganui (Bada Valley, Besoa, me Napu), Nusa Tenggara ki te Rawhiti (Sumba), me ētahi atu rohe te nui o ngā wāhi megalithika. Me whai huarahi rangahau tika tēnei momo āhua kia kore ai e puta he whakatau koretake mō ō rātou mahi me te tikanga.
Ngā Whāinga o te Rangahau Whaipara Tangata o te Ao Nui
Ko te rangahau whaipara tangata mō ngā hanganga nunui o te ao tūroa e whai ana ki te whakautu i ētahi pātai matua. Tuatahi, nōnahea i hangaia ai, i whakamahia ai hoki ngā hanganga? Tuarua, ko wai ngā kaitautoko ahurea i hanga, i whakamahi hoki i aua hanganga? Tuatoru, he aha te mahi a te hanganga i roto i te oranga pāpori me te oranga whakapono o te hapori? Tuawhā, he aha te hononga o ngā hanganga nunui ki te taiao tūturu, ngā rauemi, me ngā tauira nohoanga? Tuarima, i rerekē rānei tā rātou mahi i roto i te wā, hei tauira, mai i te wāhi karakia ki te tohu tuakiri hapori i muri mai?
He mea nui ēnei whāinga, ehara i te mea mō te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o mua anake, engari mō te tautoko hoki i te tiaki i ngā taonga tuku iho. He maha ngā wāhi nunui e pāngia ana e te kino nā te whanaketanga, te horapa o te whenua, te tahae taonga tuku iho, me ngā huringa o te whakamahere ā-wāhi. Ka taea e ngā hua o te rangahau whaipara tangata te whakamōhio i ngā taunakitanga tiaki me te tohu i ngā wāhi tuku iho ahurea.
Ngā Wāhanga me ngā Tikanga o te Rangahau Marae
Ko te tikanga, ka tīmata te rangahau whaipara tangata me te arotake tuhinga me te rapu raraunga o mua. Ka kohia e ngā kairangahau ngā mōhiohio mō ngā wāhi o te papa, ngā kitenga o mua, ngā tuhinga ahurea, ngā mahere whenua, me ngā whakaahua amiorangi . Mā tēnei tukanga ka āwhina i te whakatakoto i ngā whakapae tuatahi me te whakatau i ngā rautaki mara.
Ko te wāhanga e whai ake nei ko te rangahau. Ka whakahaerehia ngā rangahau hei tautuhi i te tohatoha o ngā hanganga, ngā āhuatanga o te papa, me ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā āhuatanga. Ka taea e ngā rangahau te tango i te ahua o ngā rangahau mata (te tuhi i ngā kitenga e kitea ana i runga i te mata), ngā rangahau pūnaha mā te whakamahi i ngā whakawhiti, ngā rangahau hangarau rānei pērā i te whakaahua drone me te mahere GIS. I ngā papa megalithique, he mea nui te mahere nā te mea ko te tūranga o ngā kōhatu, te whakatakotoranga o ngā menhir, te whakaritenga rānei o ngā piramiti papa e hono ana ki ngā tauira karakia me te whakamahere ā-wāhi pāpori.
Mena e hiahiatia ana he raraunga hōhonu ake, ka mahia ngā keri (keri keri whenua). Ko te whāinga o ngā keri he whakaatu i te horopaki papa whenua, arā, ko ngā paparanga oneone me ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā kitenga. I roto i ngā hanganga megalithique, ka taea te mahi keri i ngā turanga kōhatu, i ngā wāhi e whakapaetia ana he mahi karakia, i roto rānei i ngā urupā kōhatu. Mai i ēnei paparanga, ka kitea e ngā kairangahau ngā taonga tautoko pēnei i ngā kongakonga uku, ngā piripiri, ngā toenga o ngā takuahi, ngā wheua tangata me ngā kararehe rānei.
Ngā Tikanga Tātari i te Tau me te Tātari Taiwhanga
Ko tētahi o ngā wero nui o te rangahau megalithique ko te whakatau i te tau o te kohatu, te rauemi matua, mā te radiocarbon. Nō reira, ka whakawhirinaki ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ki te whakatau i te tau o ngā rauemi rauropi i kitea i roto i ngā horopaki e pā ana, pērā i te waro mai i ngā toenga tahunga, ngā wheua, ngā toenga rakau rānei. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te whakatau i te tau o te radiocarbon (C-14) hei whakarato i ngā awhe tau tuturu.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka taea te whakamahi i te tātaritanga paparanga whenua me te momo taonga tuku iho. Hei tauira, ka taea e te momo uku te tohu i ngā wā whanaunga i runga i ngā āhua ōrite me ngā tikanga hanga ki ētahi atu wāhi kua whakarārangitia. I ētahi wā, ka taea te whakamahi i te tikanga OSL (Optically Stimated Luminescence) hei whakatau i te rā o ngā paru whakamutunga i kitea ki te mārama, hei āwhina i te whakatau tata i te wā whakamutunga i whakatakotoria ai, i whakakorikoria ai rānei te oneone huri noa i te hanganga.
Ko ētahi atu tātaritanga taiwhanga ko te petrography kohatu hei whakatau i ngā pūtake rauemi me ngā tikanga mahi toi, te tātari toenga hei whakatau i ngā whakamahinga pea mō ngā oko, ngā wāhi karakia rānei, me te bioarchaeology hei tirotiro i ngā toenga tangata. Ka taea e te bioarchaeology te whakaatu i te tau, te ira tangata, ngā tauira mate, tae atu ki ngā tohu kai, e whakarato ana i te māramatanga ki te oranga o ngā hapori i tautoko i ngā megalith.
Huarahi Whakamārama: Mai i te Mahi ki te Tikanga
Kāore e ranea te whakamārama i ngā hanganga nunui mā te whakamārama noa i "he urupā tēnei" me "he wāhi karakia tēnei." Me hono e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ngā raraunga o te mara ki ngā ariā me ngā huarahi anthropology. Ko tētahi huarahi ko te whaipara tangata whenua , e titiro ana ki ngā wāhi nunui hei wāhanga o tētahi pūnaha ā-wāhi whānui: te tata ki ngā awa, ngā teitei motuhake, ngā aronga, tae atu ki ngā whanaungatanga ki ngā maunga tapu.
Tērā anō hoki tētahi huarahi ethnoarchaeological, e uru ana ki te ako i ngā mahi ahurea o ngā hapori o nāianei, o mua rānei, e pupuri tonu ana i ngā tikanga kohatu nunui (hei tauira, i Sumba) hei āwhina i te whakamārama i ngā toenga onamata. Heoi anō, me tūpato ngā tohunga whaipara tangata: kāore ngā kupu whakarite ethnographic e tohu ana i te ōrite, nā te mea ka taea te huri i ngā tikanga tuku iho, ka taea hoki te neke i ngā tikanga o ngā kawa. Ko te ethnoarchaeology he matapihi ki ngā whakamāramatanga pea, ehara i te "whakautu whakamutunga".
Ngā Wero Rangahau: Ngā Horopaki me ngā Tikanga Matatika e Pōrearea ana
He maha ngā hanganga nunui kei ngā wāhi tuwhera, ā, ka noho ngāwari ki te tango, ki te pahua, ki te whakamahi anō rānei i ngā kōhatu mō ngā hanganga hou. Ka whakangaromia e tēnei whakararuraru te horopaki whaipara tangata, he mea nui tēnei. Ahakoa he torutoru mita noa iho o te kōhatu, ka taea te whakarerekē i te māramatanga ki te aronga o te wāhi, te whakaritenga ā-wāhi, te mahi rānei.
Ko tētahi atu wero ko te taha matatika me ngā whanaungatanga ki ngā hapori o te rohe. I ētahi wāhi, e kiia ana he tapu tonu ngā wāhi nunui, ā, e herea ana ki ngā whakapono o te hapori. Me whai kōrero pai, me whiwhi whakaaetanga, me whakaute hoki i ngā ture tuku iho mō te rangahau. Hei tauira, me whai whakaaro nui ki ngā tikanga matatika mō ngā keri i ngā urupā : mēnā e whakaaetia ana, me pēhea te whakahaere i ngā tūpāpaku tangata, me pēhea te ripoata ki ngā hapori o te rohe.
Ngā Takoha Rangahau ki te Pūtaiao me te Tiaki Taiao
He nui ngā takoha a ngā rangahau whaipara tangata ki ngā hanganga megalithi ki te hanga anō i te hītori roa o ngā moutere o Initonīhia. E hono ana ngā tikanga megalithi ki te whanaketanga o te hangarau , te ahuwhenua, te hanganga o ngā kaiārahi ā-rohe, me te uauatanga o te hapori. Mai i ngā wāhi megalithi, ka taea e tātou te tirotiro i te whakarite a ngā hapori onamata i ngā kaimahi hei neke i ngā kōhatu nunui, me pēhea tā rātou hanga tohu mana, me pēhea tā rātou whiriwhiri i ngā whanaungatanga ki ngā tūpuna me te taiao.
Hei tāpiri atu, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā kitenga rangahau hei whakawhanake i ngā rautaki tiaki e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga. Mā te mahere taipitopito ka taea te whakatau i ngā rohe tiaki; mā ngā aromatawai āhua o te kōhatu ka whakamōhio i ngā mahere tiaki; ā, mā ngā tuhinga pūtaiao ka noho hei pūranga mēnā ka pakaru te wāhi. Hei tāpiri atu, mā te rangahau e uru ana te hapori ka taea te whakatairanga i te mōhiotanga whānui ehara ngā wāhi nunui i te "kōhatu tawhito" engari he taonga tuku iho e hopu ana i te tuakiri me te hītori roa o te tangata.
Te Katinga
He taunakitanga tūturu ngā hanganga megalithique o te auahatanga, ngā whakapono, me te whakaritenga pāpori o ngā hapori o mua. Mā te ruri whenua, te mahere whenua, te keri whenua, te tau, me te tātaritanga maha-mātauranga, ka rapu te whaipara tangata ki te hura i ngā kōrero kei muri i ēnei kōhatu nunui: nā wai i hanga, āhea, mō te aha te kaupapa, me pēhea tā rātou mahi i roto i te whenua ahurea. Mā te rangahau tupato, matatika, me te tiaki taiao ka whakarite kia māramahia te taonga tuku iho megalithique i ōna taumata hohonu anake, engari kia tiakina hoki mō ngā whakatipuranga o muri mai.
