Ngā Tikanga Rangahau i roto i te Arorangi o Mua
Ko te whaipara tangata o mua he peka o te whaipara tangata e ako ana i te oranga tangata i mua i ngā tuhinga tuhituhi. Nā te mea kāore he tuhinga tuhituhi hei ārahi i a tātou, me whakawhirinaki ngā tohunga whaipara tangata o mua ki ngā taunakitanga rauemi pēnei i ngā taputapu kōhatu, ngā toenga kai, ngā wheua, ngā tohu o ngā nohoanga, me ngā huringa taiao. Hei mārama tika ki te hītori o mua, kāore e taea te whakahaere noa i te rangahau whaipara tangata o mua; me whai tikanga pūnaha, ine, me te whakamātautau anō. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā wāhanga me ngā tikanga matua o te rangahau i roto i te whaipara tangata o mua, mai i te whakatakoto raruraru ki te tātari taiwhanga me te whakamaori.
1. Te Hanga Raru me te Anga Kaupapa
Ka tīmata tonu te rangahau pai me tētahi pātai rangahau mārama. I roto i te whaipara tangata o mua, ko ngā pātai pea ko: āhea i nohoia ai tētahi wāhi? Me pēhea te hanga taputapu a te tangata? He kaiwhaiwhai, he kaikohi kararehe, he kaimahi pāmu rānei rātou? He aha ngā tauira hekenga me te taunekeneke i waenga i ngā rōpū? Kātahi ka whakatakotohia ēnei pātai i roto i tētahi anga ariā motuhake, pērā i te huarahi taiao (ngā whanaungatanga tangata-taiao), te whaipara tangata tukanga (te whakanui i ngā whakamārama me ngā tauira pūtaiao), te whaipara tangata i muri i te tukanga (te whakanui i te tikanga, ngā tohu, me te mana tangata).
He mea nui ngā anga ariā nā te mea ka pā ki te momo raraunga i kohia, ngā tikanga tauira, me ngā tauira whakamaori. Hei tauira, ko ngā kairangahau e aro ana ki te ōhanga oranga ka aro nui ki te tātari i ngā toenga tipu (rahi me te moroiti) me ngā kararehe, ko ngā kairangahau e aro ana ki te hangarau ka aro nui ki te momo taputapu me te mau o te whakamahinga.
2. Rangahau Tuatahi: Ngā tuhinga, ngā mahere, me ngā raraunga taiao
I mua i te haerenga ki te mara, ka whakahaerehia e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ngā rangahau tuatahi hei mārama ki te horopaki o te rohe. Kei roto i tēnei he arotake tuhinga o ngā rangahau o mua, he arotake i ngā mapi whenua me ngā mapi whenua, me ngā mōhiohio mō te wai, te tipu, me te hītori whenua. Mā ēnei raraunga ka āwhina i te matapae i ngā wāhi pea o ngā wāhi onamata , pērā i te taha o ngā awa tawhito, ngā papa awa, ngā ana karst, ngā wāhi rānei he pūtake toka motuhake hei rauemi taputapu.
I tēnei wā, ka whakamahia te hangarau GIS (Geographic Information Systems) hei whakatauira i te whenua, hei mahere i te urunga atu ki ngā rauemi, me te tātari i te tohatoha o te wāhi. Mā te whakamaoritanga tuatahi i runga i te mahere me te whakaahua ka āwhina i te whakamahere i te rangahau kia pai ake te whai hua.
3. Te Rangahau Whaipara Tangata: Te Kimi me te Mahere i ngā Wāhi
Ko te rūri whenua te tikanga matua mō te kimi i ngā wāhi me te mārama ki ngā tauira horapa o aua wāhi. He maha ngā momo rūri whenua i roto i te whaipara tangata onamata:
1. Arotakenga mata: Ka hikoi ngā kairangahau i tētahi wāhi motuhake ki te rapu i ngā taonga tuku iho, i ngā āhuatanga rānei e kitea ana i te mata, pērā i ngā maramara kōhatu, ngā kongakonga uku o mua, ngā angaanga, ngā hanganga kōhatu rānei.
2. Ruritanga pūnaha: Ka wehea te rohe ki ngā porowhita, ki ngā whatunga rānei, kātahi ka whai te tīma i tētahi ara i tētahi tawhiti (hei tauira, 10–20 mita) kia ōrite te taupoki, kia taea ai te tatau i ngā raraunga mā te rahinga.
3. Te rangahau ana me te āputa (te rangahau piringa toka): He mea tino nui i ngā rohe karst, nā te mea he maha ngā wā kei roto i ngā ana he paparanga paparanga matotoru, tiakina hoki.
4. Te rangahau i raro i te wai: He mea tika mō ngā āhuatanga o mua o te takutai moana, mō ngā wāhi rānei e waipuketia ana i tēnei wā, ahakoa me whai taputapu me te tohungatanga motuhake.
Kei roto i ngā hua o te rangahau ko ngā tauwāhi GPS, ngā tuhinga āhua o te papa, ngā whakaahua, me te kohinga taonga iti (mēnā ka whakaaetia) hei tautuhi tuatahi. Tērā pea ka uru atu hoki ki ngā rangahau ngā uiuinga ki ngā kainoho o te rohe, e mōhio ana ki ngā tauwāhi o ngā toki kōhatu, ngā toki, ngā tūpāpaku rānei.
4. Keri: Keri Ine me te Tuhituhi Papa Whenua
Ko te keri whenua te kaupapa matua o te rangahau whaipara tangata nā te mea ka huraina ngā paparanga oneone (stratigraphy) e tuhi ana i te raupapatanga o ngā mahi o mua. I roto i te whaipara tangata o mua, he mea nui te stratigraphy hei whakatau i te raupapatanga me te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taonga tuku iho me ō rātou horopaki.
Ko ētahi o ngā mātāpono keri nui ko:
– Te keri i runga i te wāhanga: Ka wehea te papaanga kia tapawhā (hei tauira, 1×1 m, 2×2 m rānei). Ka keria ia wāhanga i roto i ngā wāhanga ki tētahi hohonutanga motuhake, i muri rānei i ngā panonitanga paparanga tūturu.
– Te tuhi taipitopito: Ka tuhia ia kitenga mō tōna tūranga, te hohonu, te whanaungatanga ki ngā āhuatanga (te takuahi, te rua pou, te papa whare), ā, ka tuhia mā roto i ngā whakaahua me ngā tuhi kōtaha.
– Tātaritanga oneone: Ka tātarihia te oneone kua keria kia kitea ai ngā mea iti pēnei i ngā maramara moroiti, ngā wheua iti, ngā toenga witi rānei.
– Te Tātari Tauira: Ngā tauira paru mō te hae, te phytolith, te tātari tau rānei; ngā tauira waro mai i ngā horopaki takuahi mō te tātari tau radiocarbon; me ngā tauira wheua mō ngā isotopes, DNA rānei (mēnā e āhei ana ngā āhuatanga).
Me piri ngā keri ki ngā tikanga tiaki taiao nā te mea he mea whakangaro: ina whakatuwheratia te oneone, kāore e taea te whakahoki mai i te horopaki taketake. Nō reira, ko ngā tuhinga whānui hei "whakakapinga" mō te wāhi i muri i te kerihanga.
5. Te Whakatau i te Tau me te Wātaka
Hei mārama ki te hītori o mua, he mea nui te whakatau i te tau. E rua ngā tikanga whakatau i te tau: te tikanga whanaunga me te tikanga tino.
– Te tau whanaunga: I runga i te stratigraphy (ko ngā paparanga hohonu ake he tawhito ake i te nuinga o te wā), te momo taonga tuku iho (ngā huringa o te āhua o ngā taputapu i roto i te wā), me te hononga o ngā mea i kitea.
– Te whakatau i te tau tūturu: Ka whakaratohia he tau, he wā rānei kua whakaritea. Ko ngā tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
– Te waro irirangi (C-14) mō ngā rauemi rauropi pērā i te waro, te wheua, te angaanga rānei (me ētahi whakatikatika).
– Te OSL (Optically Stimulated Luminescence) hei whakatau i te wā whakamutunga i kitea ai te paru ki te māramatanga, he mea whai hua ki ngā wāhi tuwhera.
– Ngā raupapa-U mō ngā rauemi warowaihā pērā i ngā stalagmite i roto i ngā ana.
– Te dendrochronology (he onge i ētahi rohe pārūrū) mēnā kei te wātea he rakau mārama me ngā mowhiti ā-tau.
Ko te whiriwhiri i te tikanga whakatau i te tau, ka whakawhirinaki ki te momo tauira, ngā tikanga tiaki, me te pātai rangahau. Ko te mea pai, me mahi anō te whakatau i te tau mai i ngā horopaki maha kia rite ai ngā hua.
6. Tātari Taonga : Tipu, Hangarau, me ngā Tohu Whakamahinga
Ko ngā taonga tuku iho o mua—ina koa ko ngā taputapu kōhatu—te nuinga o te wā ka hangaia hei huinga raraunga tuatahi. Kei roto i te tātaritanga:
– Taipitopito: Te whakarōpū i ngā taonga tuku iho i runga i te āhua me ngā āhuatanga, pērā i ngā toki ringaringa, ngā maramara, ngā mata, ngā mata pere, ngā toki rānei. Ka āwhina te taipitopito ki te whakatū i ngā wā whakapapa me te whakatairite i waenga i ngā rohe.
– Tātari hangarau (mekameka mahi): Ka hanga anō i te tukanga hanga taputapu: te whiriwhiri rauemi, ngā tikanga tapahi, ngā wāhanga whakaputa, me te whakakorenga. Mā tēnei ka mārama ki ngā pūkenga, te whakaritenga mahi, me te urunga atu ki ngā puna rauemi mata.
– Tātari whakamahinga-kakahu: Te mātakitaki i ngā karawarawa moroiti me te oro i runga i te mata o tētahi taputapu hei whakatau i tōna mahi, hei tauira, te tapahi mīti, te tukatuka rakau, te hauhake hua rānei.
– Tātari toenga: Ka kitea te pūmua, te māngaro, te ngako rānei e toe ana, ahakoa me tino whakahaere i te poke.
Mō ngā uku o mua (mēnā e mōhiotia ana ngā wā o mua), ka uru pea ki ngā tātaritanga te āhua, te whakapaipai, ngā tikanga tahu, tae atu ki te tātaritanga petrographic hei whakatau i te takenga mai o ngā rauemi me ngā whatunga whakawhiti.
7. Te Tātaritanga Koiora me te Taiao: Ngā Wheua, Ngā Tipu, me Ngā Parapara
Nā te mea he hononga tata o te hītori o mua ki te urutau taiao, ka whakakotahi ngā tohunga whaipara tangata i ngā huarahi pūtaiao taiao:
– Zooarchaeology: Te tātari i ngā wheua kararehe hei whakatau i te kai, te hopu manu, te whakawhanaungatanga, me te wā o te tau. Ka taea e ngā tauira tapahi me ngā tohu tahunga te whakaatu i ngā mahi tukatuka kai.
– Te Arkeobotani: Te tātari i ngā toenga tipu pērā i ngā kākano, te waro, ngā tipu matūriki, te māngaro rānei hei hanga anō i te kai, te ahuwhenua, me ngā tipu e karapoti ana.
– Geoarchaeology: Te ako i ngā paru, ngā tukanga hanganga o te papa, me ngā huringa whenua (waipuke, horo whenua, mahi awa). He mea nui tēnei mā ngā kairangahau kia mārama ai mēnā he hua tūturu o te mahi a te tangata, o ngā tukanga taiao rānei tētahi paparanga.
– Tātaritanga isotope: I roto i ngā wheua, i ngā niho rānei o te tangata/kararehe, ka taea e ia te whakaatu i ngā tauira kai (hei tauira, te mana o ngā pūmua moana, ngā pūmua whenua rānei) me te nekenekehanga.
– Te DNA Tawhito: Ki te taea e te tiaki, ka taea e ia te whakaatu i te whanaungatanga, te hekenga mai, me te hītori o te taupori, engari me whai whare taiwhanga motuhake me ngā tikanga parakore.
8. Ngā Whakamātautau Whaipara Tangata me te Iwi-ā-Iwi: Te Whakamātautau i ngā Whakapae
Ko te rangahau o mua he maha ngā wā ka uru atu ki te whakamātautau whaipara tangata, hei tauira, te ngana ki te hanga taputapu kōhatu mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga motuhake hei mārama ki ngā tohu pānga, te whai huatanga o ngā taputapu, ngā wā whakaputa rānei. Ka whakamahia hoki ngā whakamātautau ki te hanga uku, ki ngā tikanga tahu, ki te hanga anō rānei i ngā whare noho.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka rangahauhia e te etnoarchaeology ngā hapori hou, ngā hapori tuku iho rānei e mahi tonu ana i ētahi tikanga (hei tauira, te tukatuka hāko, te hanga taputapu māmā, ngā tauira noho ā-wā) hei tauira whakarite mō te whakamārama i ngā raraunga onamata. Kaua ngā tauira whakarite e tangohia noa iho, engari me whakamahi hei whakawhānui ake i ngā āheinga whakamārama.
9. Te Whakamārama, te Pūrongo, me ngā Tikanga Matatika mō te Tiaki Taiao
Kāore ngā raraunga whaipara tangata e "kōrero mōna ake"; me whai whakamārama arorau, mārama hoki. Ka whakakotahi ngā tohunga whaipara tangata i ngā hua o te tau, te tātari taonga tuku iho, me ngā raraunga taiao hei whakautu i ngā pātai rangahau. Me whai whakaaro te whakamārama tika ki ngā whakamārama rerekē, te whakaaro tauira, me ngā tukanga hanganga wāhi.
Ko te wāhanga whakamutunga, tino hira, ko te tuku pūrongo me te whakaputa. Me kohikohi ngā pūrongo keri, ngā pātengi raraunga, ngā mapi, me ngā rārangi pukapuka o ngā kitenga kia taea ai e ētahi atu kairangahau te uru atu me te arotake. I roto i te maha o ngā whenua, he herenga ture anō hoki te tuku pūrongo. I te wā kotahi, me whai whakaaro ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ki te tiaki i te taiao: mehemea me tāpiri anō te wāhi, me pēhea te penapena i ngā taonga tuku iho, me pēhea hoki te whakauru i ngā hapori o te rohe hei hunga whai pānga matua.
Te Katinga
Ko te tikanga rangahau i roto i te whaipara tangata onamata he raupapa o ngā wāhanga e hono tahi ana: te whakatakoto i te raruraru, te whakahaere i tētahi rangahau, te keri me te whakahaere stratigraphic, te whakatau i te tau mā te whakatau i te tau, te tātari i ngā taonga tuku iho me te taiao, kātahi ka whakamārama tika i ngā raraunga. Nā te mea kāore he tuhinga o mua i ngā hītori, he mea nui te pakari o te tikanga kia kore ai ngā hanga hou o mua e noho hei whakaaroaro noa iho. Mā te tautoko o ngā hangarau hou pēnei i te GIS, OSL, isotopes, me te DNA tawhito, ka kaha ake te rangahau onamata ki te whakamārama ehara i te mea "he aha te mea i kitea" engari "me pēhea te noho, te urutau, me te hurihanga o te tangata" i roto i ngā wā roa.
