Ngā Huarahi Pūtaiao i roto i te Arorangi o Mua
Ko te whaipara tangata o mua i te hītori te peka o te pūtaiao e ako ana i te oranga o te tangata i mua i ngā tuhinga tuhituhi. Nā te mea kāore e wātea ana ngā tuhinga tuhituhi, me whakawhirinaki ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ki ngā taunakitanga ā-tinana pēnei i ngā taputapu kōhatu, ngā toenga kai, ngā wheua, ngā tohu o ngā nohoanga, me ngā huringa taiao kua tuhia ki roto i ngā putunga. Hei whakamārama tika i ēnei taunakitanga katoa, ka whakamahia e te whaipara tangata o mua he huarahi pūtaiao: he raupapa o ngā tikanga pūnaha, ine, whakamātautau, me te whakahoki. Mā tēnei huarahi ka āwhina ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ki te hanga i ngā whakahoutanga pono o mua me te whakaiti i te whakapae.
Te whaipara tangata hei pūtaiao: mai i ngā pātai ki ngā whakapae
Ka tīmata te huarahi pūtaiao mā te whakatakoto i tētahi pātai rangahau. Engari i te "rapu noa i ngā taonga tawhito," ka pātai ngā tohunga whaipara tangata o mua i ngā pātai motuhake ake: āhea i nohoia ai tētahi wāhi? He aha ā rātou tauira oranga—te hopu manu, te kohikohi, te mahi ahuwhenua rānei? I pēhea te whanaketanga o te hangarau taputapu? I whai taunekeneke rānei i waenga i ngā rōpū? Nā ēnei momo pātai ka puta ake ngā whakapae, ngā whakapae whakamātautau, ngā whakapae ka taea te whakamātautau. Hei tauira, "i whakamahia nuitia e ngā rōpū o mua i ngā rohe takutai moana ngā rauemi moana" "i pāngia rānei ngā tauira nohonga mai i ngā ana ki ngā mania tuwhera e te huringa āhuarangi."
Kāore tēnei ariā e tū motuhake, engari ka whakamātauria mā te kohikohi raraunga parae, te tātari taiwhanga, me te whakatairite ki ngā kitenga mai i ētahi atu wāhi. Mā tēnei, ka neke te keri whenua o mua mai i te whakaahuatanga ki te whakamārama.
Te ruri me te mahere whenua: te kimi i te horopaki i mua i te keri
He taahiraa tuatahi nui ko te rangahau. Ko te whāinga o ngā rangahau whaipara tangata he tautuhi i ngā wāhi pea me te mārama ki te horapa o ngā toenga i roto i tētahi rohe. Ka taea e ngā tikanga te ahu mai i ngā rangahau mata (te tirotiro i ngā taonga e kitea ana i runga i te whenua), ngā rangahau pūnaha mā te whakamahi i ngā whakawhiti, i ngā whatunga rānei, ki ngā mahere hangarau pēnei i te GPS, te whakaahua amiorangi , ngā waka rererangi, me te LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging). Mā ēnei hangarau ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te kite i ngā hanganga kua hunaia e ngā tipu, e ngā āhua whenua ngaro rānei e tohu ana i ngā mahi a te tangata o mua.
Mā ngā rangahau ka āwhina i te mārama ki te horopaki o te whenua: te tata ki ngā puna wai, te wātea o ngā rauemi kōhatu, te urunga atu ki ngā papa hopu manu, ki te whenua momona rānei, me te mōrearea o ngā āhuatanga taiao. I roto i te whaipara tangata onamata, he rite tonu te hiranga o te horopaki ki te taonga tuku iho. He iti ake te uara o te toki kōhatu i kitea kāore he wāhi mārama i tērā e mōhiotia ana nō tētahi paparanga motuhake i tētahi wāhi kua mapihia pai.
Te keri paparanga: te pānui i ngā "paparanga o te wā"
Ko te keri te tikanga matua mō te tiki raraunga whakahaeretia. Ko te huarahi pūtaiao e aro nui ana ki te keri stratigraphic, arā, ko te keri i roto i ngā paparanga oneone (papa) i hangaia e ngā tukanga taiao me ngā mahi a te tangata. Ko te kaupapa matua ko ngā paparanga hohonu ake he tawhito ake i ngā mea kei runga ake i a rātou, ki te kore e whakararuraruhia e te whenua horo, e te mahi a te kararehe, e te keri anō rānei a te tangata.
I ngā kerihanga, ka tuhia e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te wāhi i kitea ai ia mea—tōna hohonutanga, ōna taunga, tōna hononga ki ngā āhuatanga (hei tauira, ngā takuahi, ngā rua pou, ngā urupā), me ngā āhuatanga o te oneone. Ka hangaia he tuhinga ka taea te manatoko mā tēnei tuhi. Kei roto i te tukanga tuhinga ngā whakaahua, ngā tuhi, ngā tuhipoka mara, tae atu ki te mahere toru-ahu. He maha ngā kaupapa hou e whakamahi ana i te whakaahua-ira hei hanga tauira 3-Ahu tika o ngā paparanga me ngā āhuatanga.
Te whakatau i te pakeketanga o ngā wāhi me ngā kitenga
Ko te whakautu i te pātai "āhea?" te kaupapa matua o te whaipara tangata onamata. He maha ngā tikanga tau e whakaratohia ana e ngā huarahi pūtaiao, e wehea whānuitia ana ki te tau whanaunga me te tau tino.
Te whakataurite i te tau o ngā wāhi i kitea ai i roto i te raupapatanga o te wā, me te kore e tohua he rā tika. Ko ētahi tauira ko te momo taonga tuku iho—te whakarōpū i ngā taputapu mā te āhua me te tikanga hanga hei tiro i ngā huringa i roto i te wā—me te tātaritanga paparanga whenua.
Mā te tātaitanga tino tika ka taea te whakatau tata i te pakeketanga i roto i ngā tau. Ko te tikanga tino rongonui ko te tātaitanga radiocarbon (C-14) mō ngā rauemi rauropi pēnei i te waro, te wheua, te witi rānei. Mō ngā horopaki tawhito, mō ngā momo rauemi motuhake rānei, ka whakamahia pea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te tātaitanga luminescence (OSL/TL), e ine ana i te wā whakamutunga i pāngia ai ngā kohuke e te wera, te mārama rānei, te tātaitanga raupapa-uranium rānei mō te calcite i roto i ngā ana me ētahi kōiwi tawhito. Ko te whiriwhiri i te tikanga ka whakawhirinaki ki te momo tauira, ngā āhuatanga o te wāhi, me te awhe pakeke e hiahiatia ana.
Te tātaritanga o ngā taonga tuku iho : te hangarau, te mahi, me te whanonga
Ko ngā taonga tuku iho o mua—ina koa ko ngā taputapu kōhatu—e tuhi ana i ngā kōwhiringa hangarau me ngā rautaki oranga. E kore e tirohia anake te āhua o te taputapu e te tātari pūtaiao engari ko ngā rauemi mata, ngā tikanga hanga (hei tauira, te haehae, te pēhi, te huri), me ngā tohu o te whakamahinga (tātari whakamahinga-pakaru). Ka āwhina ngā karu tirotiro ki te tautuhi i ngā karawarawa iti e tohu ana mēnā i whakamahia te taputapu mō te tapahi mīti, te whakatipu tipu, te mahi rakau, te waru rānei i ngā kiri.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka taea e te tātari toenga te kite i ngā toenga moroiti pēnei i te māngaro, ngā pūtau tipu, ngā pūmua rānei e piri ana ki ngā mata o ngā taputapu. Mā tēnei ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te hono i ngā taonga tuku iho ki ngā mahi motuhake, kaua ki te whakapae noa.
Te koiora-ā-papa me te archeozoology: te mārama ki te tinana me te kai
Kei roto hoki i ngā huarahi pūtaiao te ako i ngā toenga tangata me ngā kararehe. Ka tirotirohia e te bioarchaeology ngā angaanga tangata kia mārama ai ki ngā āhuatanga taupori (tau, ira tangata), te hauora, ngā tauira mate, te korikori tinana, me ngā mahi tanumanga. Mā ngā tohu i runga i ngā wheua, pērā i te whara, ngā tohu o te kore kai pai, ngā huringa uaua rānei, ka āwhina i te hanga anō i te oranga o ia rā.
Ka rangahauhia e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ngā wheua kararehe: ko ēhea momo i hopukina, i whakangāwaritia rānei, ko ēhea wāhanga tinana i kawea mai ki te wāhi, me pēhea te tapahi, me te mea he tohu tahunga. E whakaatu ana tēnei huinga raraunga i ngā rautaki oranga, te noho ā-wā, me ngā taumata uaua o te ōhanga.
Te Arkeobotani me te taiao: ngā whanaungatanga tangata-taiao
Kāore e taea te wehe i te whaipara tangata o mua i te taiao. Ka tātarihia e te whaipara tangata ngā toenga tipu pēnei i te waro, ngā purapura, te hae, ngā phytolith, me ngā toenga māngaro. Mai i tēnei, ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te whakatau i te kai o ngā tipu mohoao, te tīmatanga o te whakawhanaungatanga, me ngā huringa o ngā tipu nā te mahi a te tangata. Mā te tātari i ngā onepū me te matawhenua o te wāhi (geoarchaeology) ka āwhina i te mārama ki te tukanga hanganga o te wāhi: mēnā i hangaia ngā paparanga e ngā waipuke, ngā pahūtanga puia, ngā mahi ana, ngā paru kīhini rānei.
Kei te piki haere te hiranga o ngā tikanga isotope pumau. Ka taea e ngā isotope waro me te hauota i roto i ngā wheua te tohu i te momo kai (hei tauira, ngā puna moana me ngā puna whenua, ngā tipu C3 me ngā tipu C4). Ka taea e ngā isotope strontium te tohu i te nekenekehanga—ahakoa i tipu ake te tangata i te rohe kotahi i tanumia ai rātou, i nekehia mai rānei i tētahi atu rohe.
Ngā whakamātautau me ngā tāruarua: te whakamātautau i ngā mea ka taea
Ko tētahi o ngā kaha o te huarahi pūtaiao ko te whakamātautau whaipara tangata. Ka hangaia e ngā kaipūtaiao whaipara tangata he tārua o ngā taputapu kōhatu, ka whakamātautau i ā rātou tikanga hanga, kātahi ka whakamahia mō ngā mahi motuhake. Ka whakaritea ngā hua ki ngā tohu i runga i ngā taonga taketake . Mā tēnei, ka taea te whakamātautau i ngā whakapae mō te mahi a te taputapu, te rā hanga, te whai huatanga hangarau rānei, me te whai whakaaro nui ake.
Ka whakamahia anō hoki ngā whakamātautau ki te hanga anō i ngā whare noho, te tahu, ngā tukanga tiaki kai rānei. Ahakoa kāore e taea te tārua katoa i ngā āhuatanga o mua, ka āwhina i te whakawhāiti i ngā whakamaoritanga pea, me te whakapiki ake i te tika.
Te whakahiato me te whakamārama raraunga: mai i ngā tau ki ngā kōrero
He maha ngā momo raraunga whaipara tangata o mua, tae atu ki ngā rā radiocarbon, te hanganga o ngā paru, ngā momo taonga tuku iho, te tautuhi momo, me ngā tauira ā-wāhi. Me mārama te whakakotahitanga o tētahi huarahi pūtaiao: me pēhea te whiriwhiri i ngā raraunga, me pēhea te tatau i ngā āwangawanga, me pēhea te whakatau i ngā whakatau. Mā ngā tatauranga, te whakatauira wā (hei tauira, te whakatauira Bayesian o ngā raraunga radiocarbon), me ngā Pūnaha Mōhiohio Matawhenua (GIS) ka āwhina i te hanganga o te tukatuka raraunga.
Heoi anō, me tūpato tonu te whakamaoritanga. Me whai whakaaro ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ki te whakaaro tiaki (kāore ngā rauemi katoa e tiakina), te whakararuraru o te wāhi, me te āheinga o ngā whakamārama maha, ōrite te whaitake. Nō reira, ko ngā tuhinga pūtaiao he tikanga kei roto he matapakinga mō ngā herenga raraunga me ngā whakamaoritanga rerekē.
Ngā tikanga matatika me te mahi tahi: he wāhanga o te mahi pūtaiao o ēnei rā
Ko te huarahi pūtaiao ki te whaipara tangata o mua e whakauru ana hoki i ngā tikanga rangahau. Kāore e taea te whakahou i ngā wāhi o mua : ina keria me te kore he tuhinga tika, ka ngaro ngā mōhiohio. Me whakarite e ngā kaiwhaipara tangata kia tiakina, kia tuhia, kia rongoatia hoki ngā kitenga kia rite ki ngā paerewa. Hei tāpiri, kei te piki haere te mōhiotia o te mahi tahi me ngā hapori o te rohe, ngā kāwanatanga, me ngā hapori taketake (ki te tika), inā koa i roto i te whakahaere wāhi me te rangahau i ngā toenga tangata.
I tēnei ao hou, kei te anga whakamua te mahi keri whenua ki ngā raraunga tuwhera: te tohatoha i ngā tikanga, ngā raraunga raraunga, me ngā hua tātari kia taea ai e ētahi atu kairangahau te tirotiro anō. E hangai ana tēnei ki ngā mātāpono pūtaiao o te tāruarua me te manatoko.
Te Katinga
Ahakoa te aro o te keri whenua o mua ki ngā wā tawhiti me ngā taunakitanga pakaru, mā te huarahi pūtaiao ka taea te ako pūnaha o mua. Mai i te ruri me te mahere whenua, ki te keri whenua, te tau, te tātari i ngā taonga me ngā toenga koiora, ki te whakatauira me te whakamātautau - he mea hanga katoa hei whakamātautau i ngā whakapae, hei aromatawai i ngā āwangawanga, me te hanga i ngā whakamaoritanga tino pakari i runga i ngā raraunga. Mā tēnei huarahi, ka neke atu te keri whenua o mua i te kohikohi toenga ki te hanga i tētahi māramatanga pono mō ngā takenga mai, ngā urutaunga, me te kanorau o ngā momo oranga tangata o mua.
