Ngā Ariā Ahurea Rongonui i roto i te Anthropology
Kua noho te ahurea rongonui hei wāhanga nui o ngā rangahau mātauranga tangata o ēnei rā. He whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga e awe ana, e awehia ana hoki e te marea whānui, e kapi ana te ahurea rongonui i te whānuitanga o ngā kaupapa, tae atu ki te puoro, te kiriata, te ahua, ngā kēmu ataata, te pāpāho pāpori, me te maha atu. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia ētahi o ngā ariā matua i roto i te mātauranga tangata e whakamahia ana hei mārama me te tātari i ngā āhuatanga ahurea rongonui.
1. Te Ariā Mana Whakahaere me te Ahurea Rongonui
Ko tētahi o ngā ariā matua mō te mārama ki te ahurea rongonui ko te ariā o te mana rangatira i whakaurua mai e Antonio Gramsci. E ai ki a Gramsci, ko te mana rangatira te tukanga e whakahaerehia ai e tētahi rōpū pāpori ētahi atu rōpū, ehara i te mea mā te kaha anake engari mā te whakaae whakaaro me te awe hoki. I roto i te horopaki o te ahurea rongonui, ka whakamārama te ariā mana rangatira i te pupuri a te ahurea rangatira i tōna mana mā te whakahaere i te whakaputa me te tohatoha o te ahurea.
He maha ngā wā ka whakahaerehia te ahurea rongonui e ngā rōpū rangatira, he mana tō rātou ki te tautuhi i ngā tikanga me ngā uara ahurea e kiia ana he tika. Hei tauira, he nui te awe o ngā umanga whakangahau nui pērā i a Hollywood ki ngā mea e kiia ana he "rongonui" puta noa i te ao. Ko ngā hua ahurea i hangaia e ēnei rōpū rangatira ehara i te mea ko te whakangahau anake, engari ko te horapa hoki i ētahi uara me ngā whakaaro e rite ana ki ō rātou hiahia.
2. Te Ariā Marxian me te Ahurea Kaihoko
I whakaaro a Karl Marx ko ngā hapori e hangaia ana e ō rātou hanganga ōhanga, ā, ko ngā hanganga matua o te ariā, tae atu ki te ahurea, he whakaata i taua hanganga ōhanga. I roto i te horopaki o te ahurea rongonui, ka whakaratohia e te ariā Marxian he tirohanga ki te awe o te pūnaha tārewa ki te whakaputa me te kai ahurea.
I roto i ngā hapori pūtea, he maha ngā wā ka hokohokohia te ahurea rongonui, ka hurihia ngā taonga ahurea hei taonga hokohoko. Ka tākaihia, ka hokona atu hoki ngā waiata, ngā kiriata, ngā kakahu, tae atu ki ngā tuakiri ahurea ki ngā kaihoko. He maha ngā wā ka whakanuia e tēnei tukanga hokohoko te uara whakawhiti i te uara whakamahi, ā, ka pā tēnei ki te taunekeneke me te wheako o te tangata ki te ahurea rongonui.
Kua tūhuratia hoki e ngā tohunga Marx i roto i te mātauranga tangata te whanaungatanga i waenga i te ahurea me te akomanga pāpori. Hei tauira, i whakawhanakehia e Pierre Bourdieu, he tohunga pāpori me te tohunga mātauranga tangata, ngā ariā o te 'habitus' me te 'pūtea ahurea' hei whakamārama i te awe o te akomanga pāpori ki te reka ataahua me ngā mahi ahurea o te tangata. I tautohe a Bourdieu kāore ngā manakohanga ahurea i te mea nō roto mai i te tangata, engari he awe nō te taiao pāpori me te ōhanga o te tangata.
3. Te Ariā o te Ao Hou me te Wehewehenga Ahurea
He rerekē te tirohanga a te ariā o te ao muri-hou ki te ahurea rongonui mā te whakanui i te maha, te wehewehe, me te wetewete i ngā kōrero nui. E whakahē ana te ao muri-hou i te whakaaro ka taea e te kōrero kotahi te whakamārama i te katoa o te wheako tangata. I roto i te horopaki o te ahurea rongonui, ko te tikanga kāore he "pono" kotahi, he "tikanga" rānei hei tautuhi i te ahurea tonu.
E whakanui ana hoki te ao o muri-hou i te hiranga o te whakatauira me te mooni-rahi, arā, ngā ariā i whakaurua mai e Jean Baudrillard. I tautohe a Baudrillard, i roto i te hapori muri-hou, he maha ngā wā he 'tūturu' ake ngā whakaaturanga me ngā tohu i te mooni tūturu tonu. Hei tauira, ko te ahurea rongonui i roto i te hapori hou e hangai ana ki ngā whakaahua me ngā whakaaturanga pāpāho, kaua ki ngā oranga tūturu o te tangata takitahi.
Ko te ahurea rongonui i roto i te horopaki o te ao hou-muri-hou he mea hikohiko ake, he mea ranu hoki, arā, ko ngā huānga mai i ngā momo ahurea me ngā hītori rerekē ka whakakotahihia, ka whakamahia anōtia i roto i ngā huarahi hou, whakamīharo hoki. Ka kitea tēnei i roto i ngā momo ahua, waiata, me ngā momo pāpāho, e tango ana i ngā huānga mai i ngā momo ahurea ka whakakotahi i aua huānga hei mea hou, ahurei hoki.
4. Te Ariā Wahine me te Ahurea Rongonui
E whakaatu ana te ariā wahine i roto i te mātauranga tangata i te āhua o te whakaaturanga me te pupuri i ngā whanaungatanga ira tangata me te mana i waenga i te tāne me te wahine i roto i te ahurea rongonui. He maha ngā wā he papa pakanga te ahurea rongonui e whakaputahia ai, e whiriwhiria ai, e werohia ai hoki ngā whakaaro mō te ira tangata me te moepuku.
Kua tūhuratia e ngā kaiwhakatairanga wahine tawhito pērā i a Simone de Beauvoir, me ngā tohunga ariā hou pērā i a Judith Butler, te āhua o te whakakaha ake i ngā momo āhua ira tangata mā roto i ngā pāpāho rongonui. He maha ngā wā ka mau tonu ngā whakaahua tuku iho o te tāne me te wahinetanga i roto i ngā kiriata, pouaka whakaata, pānuitanga, me ngā pāpāho pāpori e whakawhāiti ana i ngā tūranga pāpori ka taea e ngā tāne me ngā wāhine te mahi.
Heoi anō, e tohu ana te ariā wahine ki te kaha o te ahurea rongonui hei taputapu mō te ātete me te whakamana. He maha ngā ahurea iti me ngā nekehanga i roto i te ahurea rongonui e wero ana i ngā tikanga ira tangata, ā, e waihanga ana i te wāhi mō ngā tuakiri ira tangata kanorau me te whānui ake. Ko te puoro punk, te nekehanga pai o te tinana, me te whakaaturanga ira tangata kore-rua i roto i ngā pāpāho he torutoru noa iho ngā tauira o te pehea e taea ai e te ahurea rongonui te noho hei waka mō te huringa pāpori.
5. Te Ariā Ao Whānui me te Ahurea Ranu
Ko te ao whānui te tukanga o te whakaurunga ōhanga, tōrangapū, me te ahurea puta noa i te ao. I roto i te horopaki o te ahurea rongonui, kua hangaia e te ao whānui tētahi āhuatanga ahurea ranu, e taunekeneke ana, e awe ana hoki ngā huānga o ngā ahurea rerekē tetahi ki tetahi.
E whakaatu ana te ariā o te ao whānui i roto i te mātauranga tangata i te āhua o te kore taurite o tēnei whakawhitiwhiti ahurea whakawhiti-rohe, me te ahurea matua o ngā whenua ahumahi, pērā i te Hononga o Amerika, e anga ana ki te whakahaere me te whakarerekē i ngā ahurea ā-rohe i ngā whenua whakawhanake. E kitea ana tēnei he momo hou o te koroni ahurea, te imperiatanga ahurea rānei.
Heoi anō, ka hangaia hoki e te ao whānui ngā whai wāhitanga mō ngā hanganga ahurea matatini ake, ā, he ranu anō hoki. Hei tauira, ko te puoro K-pop, e whakakotahi ana i ngā huānga o te puoro o te Hauāuru me ngā tikanga puoro o Kōrea, kua noho hei āhuatanga ā-ao, e whakaatu ana i te whanaketanga me te whakarerekētanga o te ahurea rongonui i roto i te horopaki ā-ao. Ko tētahi atu tauira ko ngā kiriata Bollywood, e whakauru ana i ngā huānga o Hollywood me te pupuri tonu i tētahi tuakiri ahurea motuhake.
Hei whakamutunga, ko ngā ariā matua o te mātauranga tangata pērā i te mana rangatira, te ariā Marxian, te postmodernism, te feminism, me te ao whānui e whakarato ana i ngā anga kanorau me te whai kiko mō te mārama ki te ahurea rongonui. E whakarato ana ia ariā i ngā māramatanga ahurei ki te āhua o te whakaputa, te kai, me te awe o ngā whanaketanga pāpori, ōhanga, tōrangapū, me te hītori ki te ahurea rongonui. Nō reira, ko te ako i te ahurea rongonui ehara i te mea ka whakarato noa i te māramatanga hohonu ake ki ngā āhuatanga o ia rā, engari ka arahi hoki ki te tātari arohaehae o ngā hanganga mana me ngā tukanga o te huringa pāpori.
