Te Anthropology Kararehe me te Hononga i waenga i te Tangata me ngā Kararehe
Pengantar
Antropologi hewan adalah cabang ilmu yang berkembang dari antropologi dan etologi (ilmu perilaku hewan), yang menelaah hubungan antara manusia dan hewan. Ilmu ini bermaksud memahami bagaimana interaksi dengan hewan mempengaruhi perilaku, budaya, dan te whanaketanga o te tangata. Penelitian dalam bidang ini mengungkapkan aspek-aspek yang selama ini terlupakan atau diabaikan, mengenai kehidupan dan hubungan manusia dengan hewan di berbagai konteks budaya dan historis.
Te Tūranga o ngā Kararehe i te Oranga o te Tangata
Mai anō i ngā wā o mua, he mea nui te whanaungatanga i waenganui i te tangata me ngā kararehe ki te oranga tonutanga me te whanaketanga o te ao tūroa. E whakawhirinaki ana te tangata ki ngā kararehe mō ngā momo hiahia, pērā i te kai, te kākahu, te kawe waka, me te ahuwhenua. Hei tāpiri, he wāhanga ngā kararehe o ngā pūrākau, ngā tohu, me te wairuatanga i roto i ngā ahurea rerekē. He huarahi motuhake tō ia iwi, tō ia hapori rānei ki te whakaute, ki te whakamahi, me te taunekeneke ki ngā kararehe, e whakaata ana i tō rātou wairua tangata hohonu.
Ahurea me te Whakapono
I roto i ngā ahurea maha, he nui ngā mahi tohu a ngā kararehe. Hei tauira, i Ihipa onamata, i whakanuia, i karakiatia hoki ngā ngeru hei whakaaturanga mō te atua wahine a Bastet. I Īnia anō hoki, e kiia ana he tapu ngā kau i roto i te Hinitū. Ko te noho mai o ngā kararehe i roto i ngā kawa whakapono e whakaatu ana i te tirohanga a te tangata ki a rātou ehara i te mea he rauemi anake engari he mea wairua hoki.
Kua whakaatuhia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata pērā i a Claude Lévi-Strauss rāua ko Mary Douglas te āwhina a ngā tohu kararehe ki te hanga i ngā rohe matatika me ngā rohe pāpori o te hapori. Ko te tautuhi i ētahi kararehe ki ngā atua, ki ngā wairua tiaki rānei e kī ana ka taea e ngā kararehe te whakakotahi, te wehewehe rānei i ngā rōpū pāpori i runga i ō rātou whakapono me ngā uara.
Ngā Kararehe i roto i ngā Pūrākau me ngā Tuhinga
He maha ngā wā ka puta ngā kararehe i roto i ngā pūrākau me ngā tuhinga o ngā ahurea rerekē. Ko ngā kiripuaki kararehe i roto i ngā kōrero tuku iho, ngā pūrākau, me ngā pūrākau e whakamahia ana hei kawe i ngā whakaakoranga matatika me ngā whakaakoranga rapunga whakaaro. Ko te kōrero mō te tia kiore mohio i Indonesia, te wuruhi i roto i ngā pūrākau a Aesop, te tarakona rānei i roto i ngā pūrākau Hainamana, he torutoru noa iho ēnei tauira o te mahi a ngā kararehe hei huarahi mō ngā karere matatika me ngā karere ahurea.
I roto i ngā tuhinga hou, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā kararehe hei kupu whakarite hei whakaatu i te āhua o te tangata me ngā pakanga ā-roto. Ko ngā pukapuka pēnei i te "Animal Farm" a George Orwell me te "Moby Dick" a Herman Melville e whakaatu ana i ngā tirohanga ki te whanaungatanga uaua i waenga i te tangata me ngā kararehe, e whakaatu ana i te taupatupatu i waenga i te mana, te rangatiratanga, me te ataahua o te taiao.
Hewan dalam Ekonomi dan Kesejahteraan Sosial
I ngā wā o mua, he mea nui te mahi a ngā kararehe i roto i te ahuwhenua me te ōhanga o ngā whare. E tautoko ana ngā kararehe me ngā hī ika i ngā miriona whānau puta noa i te ao. Hei tāpiri, he mea nui anō hoki ngā kararehe ki ngā huringa ōhanga ā-rohe me te ao whānui. Hei tauira, nā te manaaki hōiho me ngā kamera i taea ai te haereere me te hokohoko i waenga i ngā rohe.
Haunga ngā matea ōhanga, ka whakaratohia hoki e ngā kararehe te oranga me te tautoko kare ā-roto. Ka āwhina ngā kurī aroturuki, ngā hōiho whakaora, me ētahi atu kararehe i te tangata i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha o ō rātou oranga, mai i te haumaru ki te whakaora kare ā-roto.
Te Whanaketanga me te Whakawhanaungatanga
Kāore te tukanga whakawhanaunga kararehe i rite ki te ara kotahi i urutau ai te tangata anake. I pā anō hoki tēnei tukanga ki te whanaketanga o ngā kararehe. Hei tauira, kua pāngia ngā kurī, ngā ngeru, ngā kau, ngā hipi, me ngā poaka e ngā huringa ira me ngā whanonga nui nā te taunekeneke ki te tangata i roto i ngā mano tau.
Kua kitea e ngā tohunga tātai tangata me ngā tohunga ira tangata, ko te tukanga whakawhanaungatanga ka whakarerekē ira i ngā kararehe kia ngāwari ake, kia pai ake ai te urutau ki ngā hiahia o te tangata. E whakaatu ana hoki ngā rangahau hou ko ngā taunekeneke i waenga i te tangata me ngā kararehe whakawhanaungatanga ka pā ki te whanaketanga tinana me te whanaketanga io o te tangata.
Ngā Tikanga Matatika me ngā Tikanga Kararehe
Kua piki haere te hiranga o ngā kōrero mō ngā tika kararehe i te mea kua tipu haere te mōhiotanga o te marea ki te mamae o ngā kararehe nā te tukinotanga. Kua whai wāhi te mātauranga kararehe ki te tirotiro i ngā tirohanga matatika mō te mahi a te tangata ki ngā kararehe. Kua tautokohia e ngā kaiwhakahau me ngā tohunga pērā i a Peter Singer te whakaaro he tika tō ngā kararehe, pērā i te tangata, kia noho noa i te mamae koretake.
Ehara i te mea he āwangawanga matatika anake te oranga o ngā kararehe, engari he pānga anō hoki ki te hauora o te pūnaha rauropi whānui. Ko te tiaki i ngā momo kararehe e tata ana ki te ngaro me te whakatinanatanga pai ake o ngā ture tāone mō ngā kararehe kāinga e whakaatu ana i ngā mahi ki te whakatakoto i te taurite tika i waenga i ngā hiahia o te tangata me ngā tika o ngā kararehe.
Te Whai Wāhi ki te Rangahau Pūtaiao
He kaupapa tautohenga tonu te whakamahinga o ngā kararehe i roto i ngā rangahau pūtaiao. Ahakoa kāore e taea te whakakorekore i ā rātou takoha ki ngā kitenga hauora me ngā kitenga pūtaiao, kua ara ake he tautohetohe matatika hohonu nā te tukino me te mamae o ngā kararehe i roto i ngā whakamātautau. Me whai ngā whare wānanga me ngā kaipūtaiao i ngā tikanga matatika pakari kia mōhio ai ka whakautehia ngā kararehe, ā, kia taurite hoki ngā hua rangahau ki te oranga o ngā kararehe.
Te Anamata o te Mātauranga Tangata Kararehe
He whanaketanga hou, he wero hoki kei roto i te mātauranga mō ngā kararehe, arā, te mātauranga mō ngā whanaungatanga tangata-kararehe. Kei te pā nui te huringa taiao, te noho tāone, me ngā whanaketanga hangarau, pērā i te hangarau koiora me te CRISPR, ki ngā momo taunekeneke a tātou ki ngā kararehe. Ko ngā wero kei te heke mai ko te whakatakoto kaupapa here tika me te pumau mō te oranga o te tangata me te kararehe, me te mārama ki te pānga o te huringa āhuarangi ki ngā momo me ō rātou nohoanga.
Te Katinga
Mā te mātauranga mō ngā kararehe ka kitea he māramatanga nui mō te āhua o te hanga a ngā taunekeneke ki ngā kararehe i tō tātou ahurea me tō tātou tuakiri, me te wero anō hoki i a tātou kia whakaaroaro hōhonu atu mō ō tātou tikanga matatika me ō tātou kawenga ki ētahi atu mea ora. Mā te rangahau tonu, ka taea e tātou te waihanga i tētahi hapori aroha me te tika, ka taea ai e te tangata me te kararehe te noho tahi i runga i te rangimarie. Ehara i te mea ka whakarei ake tēnei mātauranga i tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā mea o mua engari ka whakarato hoki i te aratohu mō tētahi heke mai atawhai me te whakaaro nui.
