Te Anthropology Kararehe me te Hononga i waenga i te Tangata me ngā Kararehe
Pengantar
Ko te mātauranga kararehe he peka o te pūtaiao i ahu mai i te mātauranga kararehe me te mātauranga tikanga (te ako i ngā whanonga kararehe), e ako ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te tangata me ngā kararehe. Ko te whāinga o tēnei pūtaiao he mārama ki te awe o ngā taunekeneke me ngā kararehe ki ngā whanonga, ki te ahurea, me te whanaketanga o te tangataE whakaatu ana ngā rangahau i tēnei mara i ngā āhuatanga o te oranga tangata me ngā whanaungatanga ki ngā kararehe i warewarehia i mua, puta noa i ngā horopaki ahurea me ngā horopaki hītori.
Te Tūranga o ngā Kararehe i te Oranga o te Tangata
Mai anō i ngā wā o mua, he mea nui te whanaungatanga i waenganui i te tangata me ngā kararehe ki te oranga tonutanga me te whanaketanga o te ao tūroa. E whakawhirinaki ana te tangata ki ngā kararehe mō ngā momo hiahia, pērā i te kai, te kākahu, te kawe waka, me te ahuwhenua. Hei tāpiri, he wāhanga ngā kararehe o ngā pūrākau, ngā tohu, me te wairuatanga i roto i ngā ahurea rerekē. He huarahi motuhake tō ia iwi, tō ia hapori rānei ki te whakaute, ki te whakamahi, me te taunekeneke ki ngā kararehe, e whakaata ana i tō rātou wairua tangata hohonu.
Ahurea me te Whakapono
I roto i ngā ahurea maha, he nui ngā mahi tohu a ngā kararehe. Hei tauira, i Ihipa onamata, i whakanuia, i karakiatia hoki ngā ngeru hei whakaaturanga mō te atua wahine a Bastet. I Īnia anō hoki, e kiia ana he tapu ngā kau i roto i te Hinitū. Ko te noho mai o ngā kararehe i roto i ngā kawa whakapono e whakaatu ana i te tirohanga a te tangata ki a rātou ehara i te mea he rauemi anake engari he mea wairua hoki.
Kua whakaatuhia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata pērā i a Claude Lévi-Strauss rāua ko Mary Douglas te āwhina a ngā tohu kararehe ki te hanga i ngā rohe matatika me ngā rohe pāpori o te hapori. Ko te tautuhi i ētahi kararehe ki ngā atua, ki ngā wairua tiaki rānei e kī ana ka taea e ngā kararehe te whakakotahi, te wehewehe rānei i ngā rōpū pāpori i runga i ō rātou whakapono me ngā uara.
Ngā Kararehe i roto i ngā Pūrākau me ngā Tuhinga
He maha ngā wā ka puta ngā kararehe i roto i ngā pūrākau me ngā tuhinga o ngā ahurea rerekē. Ko ngā kiripuaki kararehe i roto i ngā kōrero tuku iho, ngā pūrākau, me ngā pūrākau e whakamahia ana hei kawe i ngā whakaakoranga matatika me ngā whakaakoranga rapunga whakaaro. Ko te kōrero mō te tia kiore mohio i Indonesia, te wuruhi i roto i ngā pūrākau a Aesop, te tarakona rānei i roto i ngā pūrākau Hainamana, he torutoru noa iho ēnei tauira o te mahi a ngā kararehe hei huarahi mō ngā karere matatika me ngā karere ahurea.
I roto i ngā tuhinga hou, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā kararehe hei kupu whakarite hei whakaatu i te āhua o te tangata me ngā pakanga ā-roto. Ko ngā pukapuka pēnei i te "Animal Farm" a George Orwell me te "Moby Dick" a Herman Melville e whakaatu ana i ngā tirohanga ki te whanaungatanga uaua i waenga i te tangata me ngā kararehe, e whakaatu ana i te taupatupatu i waenga i te mana, te rangatiratanga, me te ataahua o te taiao.
Ngā Kararehe i roto i te Ōhanga me te Oranga hapori
I ngā wā o mua, he mea nui te mahi a ngā kararehe i roto i te ahuwhenua me te ōhanga o ngā whare. E tautoko ana ngā kararehe me ngā hī ika i ngā miriona whānau puta noa i te ao. Hei tāpiri, he mea nui anō hoki ngā kararehe ki ngā huringa ōhanga ā-rohe me te ao whānui. Hei tauira, nā te manaaki hōiho me ngā kamera i taea ai te haereere me te hokohoko i waenga i ngā rohe.
Haunga ngā matea ōhanga, ka whakaratohia hoki e ngā kararehe te oranga me te tautoko kare ā-roto. Ka āwhina ngā kurī aroturuki, ngā hōiho whakaora, me ētahi atu kararehe i te tangata i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha o ō rātou oranga, mai i te haumaru ki te whakaora kare ā-roto.
Te Whanaketanga me te Whakawhanaungatanga
Kāore te tukanga whakawhanaunga kararehe i rite ki te ara kotahi i urutau ai te tangata anake. I pā anō hoki tēnei tukanga ki te whanaketanga o ngā kararehe. Hei tauira, kua pāngia ngā kurī, ngā ngeru, ngā kau, ngā hipi, me ngā poaka e ngā huringa ira me ngā whanonga nui nā te taunekeneke ki te tangata i roto i ngā mano tau.
Kua kitea e ngā tohunga tātai tangata me ngā tohunga ira tangata, ko te tukanga whakawhanaungatanga ka whakarerekē ira i ngā kararehe kia ngāwari ake, kia pai ake ai te urutau ki ngā hiahia o te tangata. E whakaatu ana hoki ngā rangahau hou ko ngā taunekeneke i waenga i te tangata me ngā kararehe whakawhanaungatanga ka pā ki te whanaketanga tinana me te whanaketanga io o te tangata.
Ngā Tikanga Matatika me ngā Tikanga Kararehe
Kua piki haere te hiranga o ngā kōrero mō ngā tika kararehe i te mea kua tipu haere te mōhiotanga o te marea ki te mamae o ngā kararehe nā te tukinotanga. Kua whai wāhi te mātauranga kararehe ki te tirotiro i ngā tirohanga matatika mō te mahi a te tangata ki ngā kararehe. Kua tautokohia e ngā kaiwhakahau me ngā tohunga pērā i a Peter Singer te whakaaro he tika tō ngā kararehe, pērā i te tangata, kia noho noa i te mamae koretake.
Ehara i te mea he āwangawanga matatika anake te oranga o ngā kararehe, engari he pānga anō hoki ki te hauora o te pūnaha rauropi whānui. Ko te tiaki i ngā momo kararehe e tata ana ki te ngaro me te whakatinanatanga pai ake o ngā ture tāone mō ngā kararehe kāinga e whakaatu ana i ngā mahi ki te whakatakoto i te taurite tika i waenga i ngā hiahia o te tangata me ngā tika o ngā kararehe.
Te Whai Wāhi ki te Rangahau Pūtaiao
He kaupapa tautohenga tonu te whakamahinga o ngā kararehe i roto i ngā rangahau pūtaiao. Ahakoa kāore e taea te whakakorekore i ā rātou takoha ki ngā kitenga hauora me ngā kitenga pūtaiao, kua ara ake he tautohetohe matatika hohonu nā te tukino me te mamae o ngā kararehe i roto i ngā whakamātautau. Me whai ngā whare wānanga me ngā kaipūtaiao i ngā tikanga matatika pakari kia mōhio ai ka whakautehia ngā kararehe, ā, kia taurite hoki ngā hua rangahau ki te oranga o ngā kararehe.
Te Anamata o te Mātauranga Tangata Kararehe
He whanaketanga hou, he wero hoki kei roto i te mātauranga mō ngā kararehe, arā, te mātauranga mō ngā whanaungatanga tangata-kararehe. Kei te pā nui te huringa taiao, te noho tāone, me ngā whanaketanga hangarau, pērā i te hangarau koiora me te CRISPR, ki ngā momo taunekeneke a tātou ki ngā kararehe. Ko ngā wero kei te heke mai ko te whakatakoto kaupapa here tika me te pumau mō te oranga o te tangata me te kararehe, me te mārama ki te pānga o te huringa āhuarangi ki ngā momo me ō rātou nohoanga.
Te Katinga
Mā te mātauranga mō ngā kararehe ka kitea he māramatanga nui mō te āhua o te hanga a ngā taunekeneke ki ngā kararehe i tō tātou ahurea me tō tātou tuakiri, me te wero anō hoki i a tātou kia whakaaroaro hōhonu atu mō ō tātou tikanga matatika me ō tātou kawenga ki ētahi atu mea ora. Mā te rangahau tonu, ka taea e tātou te waihanga i tētahi hapori aroha me te tika, ka taea ai e te tangata me te kararehe te noho tahi i runga i te rangimarie. Ehara i te mea ka whakarei ake tēnei mātauranga i tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā mea o mua engari ka whakarato hoki i te aratohu mō tētahi heke mai atawhai me te whakaaro nui.
