Ngā Rangahau Tangata Whenua mō te Hekenga me te Nohoanga-ā-Iwi
He wāhanga nui te hekenga o te hītori pāpori o te tangata, tae atu ki te nekehanga o ngā tāngata takitahi, o ngā rōpū rānei mai i tētahi wāhi ki tētahi wāhi. Ehara i te mea he pānga ā-tinana anake tēnei āhuatanga e pā ana ki te nekehanga engari e whakaata ana hoki i ngā āhuatanga pāpori, ōhanga, tōrangapū, me te ahurea hohonu. I roto i te kaupapa mātauranga tangata, he kaupapa tino whakamere te ako i te hekenga me te diaspora nā te mea e whakaata ana i ngā hihiri o te tuakiri, te whakaurunga, me te huringa ahurea. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā āhuatanga matua o te hekenga me te diaspora i roto i te horopaki mātauranga tangata, tae atu ki ngā whakamāramatanga, ngā momo hekenga, ngā āhuatanga akiaki, ngā pānga pāpori-ahurea, me te tirohanga a te mātauranga tangata ki tēnei āhuatanga.
Te Whakamāramatanga o te Hekenga me te Mararatanga
Ko te hekenga te tikanga whānui ko te nekehanga o tētahi tangata, o tētahi rōpū rānei o te tangata mai i tētahi wāhi ki tētahi wāhi mō te noho rangitahi, mō te noho tuturu rānei. Ka taea te hekenga ki roto i te whare (ā-roto), arā, ko te nekehanga ka puta i roto i tētahi whenua, ki tāwāhi rānei, arā, ko tētahi atu whenua te wāhi e uru atu ai te nekehanga.
Ko te kupu "diaspora" ia, he tikanga motuhake e pā ana ki ngā iwi, ki ngā rōpū ahurea rānei e noho ana i waho o ō rātou whenua tupu engari e mau tonu ana te hononga ki ō rātou takenga mai. Ko te kupu "diaspora" i ahu mai i te kupu Kariki ko tōna tikanga "kia marara," ā, i whakamahia i mua hei whakaahua i te mararatanga o ngā Hūrai i muri i te whakaraunga i Papurona.
Ngā momo hekenga
E whakarōpūtia ana e te mātauranga tangata te hekenga ki ngā momo rerekē i runga i te hihiri me te tauine o te nekehanga, tae atu ki:
1. Hekenga Ōhanga: He nekehanga e akiakihia ana e ngā matea ōhanga pēnei i te rapu mahi pai ake, i ngā āhuatanga noho pai ake rānei.
2. Hekenga Tōrangapū: I puta mai i ngā āhuatanga tōrangapū, pērā i te pakanga, te pakanga, te whakatoi tōrangapū rānei e akiaki ana i te tangata ki te rapu piringa i ētahi atu whenua.
3. Hekenga Taiao: He nekehanga e mahia ana hei karo i ngā āhuatanga kino o te taiao, i te huringa āhuarangi rānei e kore ai e nohoia he rohe.
4. Hekenga Hapori me te Ahurea: Ka puta ina pāngia te nekehanga e ngā āhuatanga pāpori, ahurea rānei, tae atu ki te mātauranga, te marena, ngā take whānau rānei.
Ngā Take Ārahi o te Hekenga
Kāore te hekenga e tū motuhake; he maha ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te whakatau a te tangata ki te heke. Ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga matua ko:
1. Ngā Take Ōhanga: Ko te hiahia ki te whakapai ake i te taumata oranga o te tangata tētahi o ngā tino take mō te hekenga mai. He aukume kaha te rerekētanga ōhanga i waenga i te wāhi taketake me te wāhi e haere atu ana.
2. Ngā Take Tōrangapū: He maha ngā wā ka akiakihia te iwi kia wehe atu i ō rātou kāinga mō te haumaru nā te kore pumau o te tōrangapū, te pakanga, me te whakatoi.
3. Ngā Āhuatanga Taiao: Ka taea e te huringa āhuarangi me ngā āhuatanga kino o te taiao, pērā i ngā waipuke, i te tauraki rānei, te akiaki i te tangata ki te neke ki ngā wāhi haumaru ake, ki ngā wāhi pai ake hoki mō te noho.
4. Ngā Take Whānau me te Hapori: Ko te whakakotahitanga o ngā whānau me te hiahia ki te noho tata ki tētahi hapori e hono ana i ngā iwi me ngā ahurea, he maha ngā wā ka akiaki i te hekenga mai.
Te Pānga o te Hekenga me te Mararatanga
He whānui, he rerekē hoki ngā pānga o te hekenga me te noho manene ki ngā tāngata takitahi me te hapori whānui. Ko ētahi o ēnei pānga ko:
Pānga Ōhanga
– Pai: He maha ngā pūkenga, ngā mātauranga, me ngā mahi e kawea mai ana e ngā manene ki ō rātou whenua e haere atu ana. He mea nui anō hoki ngā moni tuku mai a ngā kaimahi manene hei puna moni whiwhi mō ō rātou whenua ake.
– Kino: I tētahi atu taha, ka taea hoki e te hekenga te "rerenga roro", arā, ka wehe atu ngā tino pūkenga i te whenua taketake, ka whakaiti i te pūmanawa whanaketanga i reira.
Pānga Hapori me te Ahurea
– Te Whakaurunga me te Whakaurunga: Ka kawea mai e ngā manene ō rātou ahurea, reo, me ngā tikanga tuku iho ki ō rātou whenua e haere atu ana. Ka taea e tēnei te whakarei ake i te ahurea ā-rohe engari he wero anō hoki mō te whakaurunga.
– Tuakiri me te Hapori: He maha ngā wā ka pupuri ngā iwi o te whenua i ō rātou tuakiri mā roto i ngā hapori kaha, ka āwhina i te hanga hononga pāpori me te ahurea kaha i roto i tō rātou wāhi hou.
Pānga Tōrangapū
– Kaupapa Here Manene: He maha ngā wā ka waihangahia e ngā kāwanatanga o ngā whenua e haere ana ki reira ngā kaupapa here manene hei tautoko, hei whakararu rānei i te tukanga manene.
– Te Whai Wāhi Tōrangapū: Ka taea e te noho mai o ngā manene me ngā tāngata whenua i tawhiti te awe i ngā mahi tōrangapū ā-rohe, tae atu ki te whai wāhi ki ngā tukanga manapori me ngā tika tangata.
Ngā Tirohanga Tangata Whenua mō te Hekenga
He huarahi ahurei tā te mātauranga tangata ki te ako i te hekenga me te noho manene nā te mea e aro nui ana ki te tangata hei mea pāpori me te mea ahurea. Anei ētahi o ngā tirohanga matua me ngā takoha a te mātauranga tangata ki te mārama ki te hekenga:
Tikanga Whakamātautau Iwi
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata ngā tikanga tātaritanga iwi, te rangahau mara e uru ana ki te mātakitaki ā-kaiuru me ngā uiuinga hōhonu, hei mārama ki ngā wheako o ngā manene me ngā hapori i tawhiti. Mā tēnei ka mārama ki te āhua o tā rātou urutau ki ngā taiao hou, te pupuri i te tuakiri ahurea, ā, ka whakatū hononga pāpori.
Tuakiri me te Ahurea
Kei te hiahia ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te mōhio ki te pānga o te hekenga ki te tuakiri takitahi me te tuakiri rōpū. Ehara te tuakiri i te mea pumau, engari he mea e huri tonu ana, e whanake haere ana i te taunekeneke a te tangata ki ngā taiao hou. He mea nui te ako i ngā "ahurea whakaranu" me ngā "ahurea whakauru" i roto i tēnei horopaki.
Whatunga Pāpori
Kāore e taea te wehe i te hekenga mai i ngā whatunga pāpori. Kei roto i ēnei whatunga ko te whānau whānui, ngā hoa, ngā hapori iwi rānei i te whenua e haerehia ana, e āwhina ana i te tukanga urutau me te whakaurunga. Ka rangahauhia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te mahi a ēnei whatunga mā te whakarato tautoko kare ā-roto, ā-ōhanga, me te pāpori.
Mana me te Tauritekore
I roto i ngā rangahau hekenga tangata, ka whakamāramahia hoki e ngā tohunga tātai tangata ngā take o te mana me te kore taurite. Ka uru atu pea tēnei ki te hanga a ngā kaupapa here manene i ngā kāwai ture (hei tauira, ngā rerenga, ngā kaitono whakaruruhau, ngā kaimahi heke) e pā ana ki ngā tika me ngā whai wāhitanga o ngā heke. Ka tirotirohia hoki e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te āhua o te whakahāwea me te whakahāwea i ngā heke i roto i ō rātou whenua e haere atu ana.
Te Ao Whānui me te Nekenekehanga
Kāore e taea te wehewehe i te ako i te hekenga i roto i te mātauranga tangata mai i te horopaki o te ao whānui. Nā te tukanga o te ao whānui kua tere ake, kua whānui ake hoki te nekenekehanga o te tangata i runga i tētahi tauine kāore i kitea i mua. He maha ngā wā ka uru atu ki te hekenga hou ngā whatunga ao matatini, e rere ai te tangata, ngā whakaaro, ngā taonga, me te moni puta noa i ngā rohe o te motu.
Whakamutunga
Mā te rangahau tangata mō te hekenga me te noho tawhiti e tuku ana i ngā tirohanga hōhonu me te kanorau ki ngā nekehanga o te tangata. Mā te arotahi ki ngā wheako hekenga, ngā tuakiri ahurea , ngā whatunga pāpori, me ngā take mana, ka āwhina te tangata i a tātou ki te mārama ki te āhua o te hekenga me te awe o ngā horopaki pāpori, ōhanga, tōrangapū, me te ahurea. Nō reira, he mea nui te tirohanga tangata i tēnei wā o te ao whānui, e piki haere tonu ana te nekenekehanga o te tangata, e hanga ana i ngā momo hapori me te tuakiri hou.
