Te Ariā o te Tapu me ngā Tikanga Hapori i roto i te Anthropology
I roto i ngā rangahau tangata, ko ngā ariā o te "tapu" me te "tikanga pāpori" he mea nui e rua hei āwhina i te mārama ki ngā whanaketanga pāpori me ngā ahurea o ngā hapori rerekē. Ko ngā tapu me ngā tikanga pāpori he aratohu whanonga e whakatau ana i te taunekeneke a ngā tāngata takitahi i roto i tētahi rōpū ahurea ki a rātou anō me te ao huri noa i a rātou. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ēnei ariā me te hōhonu, me te whakamārama i ō rātou whakamāramatanga, te hiranga, me ngā pānga ki te oranga pāpori.
Te Mārama ki te Tapu
Ko te kupu tapu he kupu nō Porinīhia, ko tōna tikanga he "rāhuitia" he "whakakorehia". I roto i te horopaki tangata, ko te tapu e pā ana ki ngā ture pāpori, ahurea rānei e whakatū ana i ētahi aukati. Ko ngā tapu e pā ana ki ngā mahi, ki ngā taonga, ki ngā whanaungatanga rānei e kiia ana he tapu, he morearea rānei e te hapori. Mā te takahi i ngā tapu ka puta he peinga pāpori, he whiu, he aituā tipua rānei.
Ka rerekē ngā tauira o ngā tapu i runga i te ahurea. Hei tauira, i ētahi ahurea, ka āraia te pā atu ki te māhunga o tētahi atu tangata nā te mea e kiia ana te māhunga he wāhanga tapu o te tinana. I roto i te maha o ngā whenua he tokomaha ngā Muslim, he tapu te kai poaka mō ngā take whakapono.
Te Mārama ki ngā Tikanga Hapori
Ko ngā tikanga pāpori he ture kore tuhituhi e tautuhi ana i ngā whanonga e whakaaetia ana, e hiahiatia ana rānei i roto i tētahi rōpū, i tētahi hapori rānei. He rerekē ki ngā tapu, he tino pakari ake, he motuhake ake, he ngāwari ake ngā tikanga pāpori, ā, he āwhina ki te pupuri i te tikanga i roto i ngā taunekeneke o ia rā. Kei roto i ngā tikanga pāpori ngā tumanakohanga mō te āhua o te whanonga, te kōrero, te kakahu, me te whakaaro o te tangata.
Kua wehea ngā tikanga pāpori ki ētahi wāhanga:
1. Ngā Tikanga Tuku Iho: Whakahaere i ngā whanonga o ia rā, arā, ngā whanonga noa, ngā whanonga tuku iho. Hei tauira, ko te tikanga o te kī "ngā mihi" me te "aroha mai".
2. Ngā Tikanga me ngā Tikanga Ake: Whakahaere i ngā whanonga nui ake e pā ana ki te matatika. Hei tauira, ngā aukati i te teka, i te tahae rānei.
3. Ngā Tikanga Ture: Ngā tikanga kua uru ki roto i te pūnaha ture o te hapori, ā, he whiu whaimana kei a rātou mēnā ka takahia. Hei tauira: te aukati i te taraiwa haurangi.
Te Hononga i waenganui i ngā Tapu me ngā Tikanga Hapori
Ka taea te kī ko ngā tapu he momo tikanga pāpori tino kino rawa atu, ā, ko te takahi i te tapu he hara matatika, he hara ture rānei. Ahakoa he āwhina ngā tikanga pāpori ki te pupuri i te pumau o te pāpori mā te ārahi i ngā whanonga e whakaaetia ana, ko ngā tapu he tiaki i ngā āhuatanga nui o te oranga pāpori me te ahurea mai i te riri, i te whakararuraru rānei.
Te Mahi a ngā Tapu me ngā Tikanga Hapori i roto i te Hapori
He maha ngā mahi nui a ngā tapu me ngā tikanga pāpori i roto i te hapori:
1. Te Haumarutanga me te Tikanga: Mā ngā tapu me ngā tikanga pāpori ka waihanga i tētahi taiao haumaru, ātaahua hoki mā te whakahaere i ngā whanonga takitahi me ngā whanonga rōpū. Hei tauira, ko te aukati i te patu i roto i te nuinga o ngā ahurea he huarahi matua hei pupuri i te haumarutanga me te tikanga.
2. Tuakiri me te Kotahitanga: Ka whai hua anō hoki ēnei ariā e rua ki te hanga i te tuakiri rōpū, me te whakapakari i te wairua kotahitanga i waenga i ngā mema o te hapori. Mā te piri ki ngā tapu me ngā tikanga pāpori ka taea te whakaatu i te whakapau kaha ki ngā uara ahurea.
3. Mana Hapori: Mā ngā tapu me ngā tikanga pāpori ka taea te mana hapori, ā-ture, ā-kore rānei. Hei tauira, ko te whakama pāpori e pā ana ki te takahi i tētahi tapu, i tētahi tikanga rānei, ka taea te ārai i ngā whanonga kāore e hiahiatia.
4. Te Tuku Ahurea: Mā te tukanga whakawhanaungatanga, ka tukuna ngā tapu me ngā tikanga pāpori mai i tētahi whakatipuranga ki tētahi whakatipuranga, ā, ka āwhina tēnei i te tiaki i te ahurea me ngā uara o te hapori.
Te Pānga o te Takahi i ngā Tapu me ngā Tikanga Hapori
He nui ake te kino o te takahi i ngā tapu i te takahi i ngā tikanga pāpori. Ka taea e te takahi i ngā tapu te whiu tinana, te whiu pāpori, te tukino kino atu rānei i runga i ngā whakapono ā-rohe. Hei tauira, i roto i ētahi hapori, ka taea te peia atu, te whakamate rānei i te tangata e takahi ana i tētahi tapu.
Mō ngā tikanga pāpori, he rerekē ake ngā whiu, ā, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kino o te takahi. Ko ngā mahi kore whaimana, pērā i te whakatoi, te titiro whakahē rānei, ka whakamahia pinepine hei whakamana i ēnei tikanga. Heoi, ko ngā takahi nui i ngā tikanga matatika, ture rānei ka hua ake he whiu whaina, tae atu ki ngā utu whaina, te mauherehere rānei.
He Akoranga Take mō ngā Tapu me ngā Tikanga Hapori
Hei mārama ake, me titiro tātou ki ētahi tauira ako mai i ngā ahurea rerekē:
1. Te tapu o te paheketanga i Inia
I ētahi wāhi o Īnia, he tapu tonu te paheketanga. He maha ngā wā ka āraia ngā wāhine paheketanga ki te tomo ki ngā wāhi tapu, ki te whai wāhi ki ngā kawa whakapono, tae noa ki te kai i ētahi kai. E whakaata ana tēnei tapu i te whakapono ahurea a ngā tāne e kī ana he poke, he paru rānei te paheketanga. Ahakoa ngā mahi ki te whakarerekē i tēnei tirohanga me te whakaiti i te whakahāwea, kei te horapa tonu tēnei mahi i roto i te maha o ngā hapori.
2. Ngā Paerewa Akuaku i Hapani
I Hapani, he tino pakari ngā tikanga akuaku, ā, e whakahaeretia ana e ngā tikanga tuku iho me ngā whanonga o ia rā. Hei tauira, ko te mau i te kopare kanohi ina mate ana, ko te pupuri rānei i te ma o ngā wāhi tūmatanui he wāhanga o ngā tikanga pāpori e mau pūmau ana i roto i te ahurea Hapani. Mā te takahi i ēnei tikanga akuaku ka arahi pea ki te kore whakamarie pāpori, ki te peia rānei.
3. Te aukati i te marena i waenga i ngā iwi i Inia
He tapu te marena i waenga i ngā iwi i roto i te hapori Inia mō ngā rautau. Ahakoa ngā panonitanga nui o te ture me te pāpori, kei te awe tonu tēnei aukati i ngā whanonga me ngā whakataunga whaiaro a te tini. Mā te takahi i tēnei tapu ka hua ake he whiu pāpori kino, tae atu ki te peinga i te hapori, tae atu ki te tutu tinana.
Te Huringa me te Whakarerekētanga o ngā Tapu me ngā Tikanga Hapori
I te ao whānui me te tere o te huringa pāpori, he maha ngā tapu me ngā tikanga pāpori e huri haere ana. Ko te whakapā atu ki ngā ahurea, te hangarau, me te nekehanga o ngā uara o te ao e arahi ana ki te arotake anō i ngā tapu me ngā tikanga maha. Hei tauira, ko ngā kaupapa i whakaarohia i mua he tapu, pērā i te LGBTQ+ me te ōritetanga ira tangata, kei te piki haere te tautohetohe me te whakaaetia i roto i ngā hapori maha.
Heoi anō, kāore i puta mai ēnei huringa me te kore he wero. He maha ngā hapori e pāngia ana e te taupatupatu i waenga i te pupuri i ā rātou tikanga tuku iho me te urutau ki ngā huringa o te ao. E whakaatu ana tēnei ahakoa ka rerekē pea ngā tapu me ngā tikanga pāpori, he mea nui tonu tā rātou mahi ki te hanga i te tuakiri me ngā whanaketanga pāpori.
Whakamutunga
Ko ngā tapu me ngā tikanga pāpori he ariā matua e rua i roto i te mātauranga tangata e whakarato ana i ngā māramatanga hohonu ki te whakahaere a ngā hapori i ngā whanonga takitahi me ngā whanonga rōpū. Ahakoa he rerekē te āhua me te nui o ngā whiu e pā ana ki a rātou, ka tautokohia e rātou tetahi ki tetahi hei pupuri i te pumau me te rangimarie o te hapori.
Mā te mārama ki ngā tapu me ngā tikanga pāpori puta noa i ngā ahurea ka āwhina i a tātou ki te maioha ki te kanorau o te tangata, ā, ka whakaatu hoki i te hiranga o te horopaki ahurea ki te mārama ki ngā whanonga tangata. I tēnei wā o te ao whānui, kei te whanake tonu ngā wero me ngā whai wāhitanga ki te whakarerekē me te urutau i ngā tapu me ngā tikanga pāpori, e whakarato ana i ngā huarahi mō ngā hapori kia tupu me te whakaute tonu i ō rātou tuakiri ahurea.
Nō reira, ko ngā tapu me ngā tikanga pāpori kei te noho tonu hei kaupapa nui i roto i te rangahau i te mātauranga tangata me tō tātou māramatanga ki te oranga tangata i ngā wāhi maha o te ao.
