Ngā Tikanga Tātari Kuputuhi i roto i ngā Akoranga Tangata Whenua
I roto i te mātauranga tangata, kāore te "tuhinga" e tohu tonu i te tuhituhi i roto i te tikanga whaiti. Kei roto i ngā tuhinga ngā pūranga koroni, ngā tuhipoka mara, ngā tuhinga uiui, ngā pukapuka tapu, ngā kupu waiata, ngā pou pāpāho pāpori, ngā meme, tae atu ki ngā kōrerorero o ia rā kua tuhia. E titiro ana te mātauranga tangata ki ngā tuhinga he tohu o te tikanga i whakaputaina, i tohatohahia, i tautohetohehia, i whiriwhiria hoki i roto i te ao pāpori. Nō reira, he taputapu nui te tātari tuhinga hei mārama ki te hanga a te hapori i te tuakiri, te mana, te matatika, me te mātauranga.
Ko te whāinga o te tātari tuhinga i roto i te mātauranga tangata he hono i ngā kupu ki te horopaki: ko wai kei te kōrero, ki a wai, i roto i tēhea āhuatanga, e whakamahi ana i te reo, me ngā hua pāpori e puta mai ana i tētahi kōrero, i tētahi tuhinga rānei. He rerekē ki ngā huarahi e tirotiro noa ana i te "ihirangi" o tētahi tuhinga, ka pātai te mātauranga tangata i te tukanga whakaputa tuhinga, ngā whanaungatanga mana e haere tahi ana me ia, me te whakamahinga o te tuhinga mō ngā mahi pāpori.
1. Tātari Ihirangi
Ko te tātari ihirangi he tikanga e tautuhi ana i ngā kaupapa, ngā kāwai, me ngā tauira o te putanga mai o ngā kupu, o ngā whakaaro rānei i roto i tētahi kohinga tuhinga. I roto i te mātauranga tangata, ka whakamahia te tātari ihirangi hei mahere i te whakaaturanga o ngā uara, ngā take rānei—hei tauira, te whakaatu a ngā pāpāho ā-rohe i ngā manene, te kōrero a ngā tuhinga kāwanatanga mō te "rawakore," te kōrero rānei a ngā hapori ipurangi mō te ira tangata.
Ka taea e tēnei huarahi te whakamahi i te tikanga tauanga (te tatau i ngā auau kupu/kaupapa) te whakamahi rānei i te tikanga kounga (te whakamārama hōhonu i ngā kāwai). Ko tōna painga he āwhina i ngā kairangahau ki te waihanga mahere kaupapa pūnaha mai i ngā huinga raraunga nui. Heoi, ko tōna ngoikoretanga ko te mōrearea o te whakaiti i te tikanga mena ka warewarehia te horopaki pāpori me ngā tikanga reo. I roto i te mātauranga tangata, ka whakareihia te tātari ihirangi ki te mātauranga tikanga tangata hei whakarite kia rite ngā kāwai i hangaia ki te māramatanga o ngā hapori o te rohe ki ngā kupu.
2. Tātari Kōrero
E tirohia ana te reo e te tātari kōrero hei mahi pāpori e hanga ana i te ao tūturu, ehara i te whakaata noa iho. Ka tūhuratia e ngā kairangahau te āhua o ētahi kōrero hei "whaitake", hei mea noa, hei mea nui rānei, me te āhua o te whakahāwea i ētahi atu. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā rangahau mātauranga tangata tōrangapū me te whanaketanga, ka whakamahia te tātari kōrero hei tirotiro i te āhua o te whakaputanga o ngā kupu pēnei i te "whakamana", te "whakahoutanga", te "whakaaro nui" rānei i roto i ngā tuhinga kaupapa here me ngā whaikōrero, ā, nā reira ka pā ki ngā kaupapa me ngā whakaritenga pāpori.
Ka arotahi anō hoki te tātari kōrero ki ngā tūranga kaupapa: ko wai e kiia ana he mana ki te kōrero, ko wai e tū ana hei "raruraru," me te whakahaere o ngā whanaungatanga mana mā te whiriwhiri kupu, te whakarite kupu, me te hanganga tautohe. He tino whai hua tēnei tikanga mō te hura i ngā whakaaro huna kei muri i te reo ōkawa me te reo rongonui.
3. Tātaritanga Kōrero
Mā roto i ngā kōrero ka mārama te tangata ki te ao: ngā kōrero taketake, ngā wheako mate, ngā haerenga ora, ngā kōrero angitu me ngā kore angitu rānei. Ka ako te tātari kōrero i te hanganga o ngā kōrero, te waihanga i ngā kaupapa, te whakanoho i ngā kiripuaki, me te whakatakoto i ngā matatika. Hei tauira, i roto i te mātauranga tangata hauora, ka āwhina te tātari kōrero ki te mārama ki te whakamārama a ngā tūroro i ō rātou mate—ahakoa he "whakamātautau," he "kanga," he "hua o te mahi" rānei—ka whai pānga ki ngā kōwhiringa maimoatanga.
E aro nui ana tēnei tikanga ki te āhua me te mahi o te kōrero, ehara i te mea ko ngā meka anake. Ka pātai ngā kairangahau: ko ēhea ngā wāhanga e whakanuia ana, ko ēhea ngā wāhanga e tangohia ana, me pēhea te hanganga o ngā kare ā-roto, me pēhea te whiriwhiri a te kōrero i ngā tikanga ahurea. He maha ngā wā ka kitea ngā hononga i waenga i ngā wheako whaiaro me ngā hanganga pāpori whānui ake i roto i ngā hua.
4. Te Tātaritanga o ngā Tohu me te Āhuatanga o te Kupu
Ka ako te ariā i ngā tohu, ngā tohu, me te āhua o te hanganga o te tikanga mā te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā tohu (āhua) me ngā mea kua tohua (kaupapa). I roto i te mātauranga tangata, ka tirohia ngā tuhinga e te huarahi tohu hei whatunga tohu e pā ana ki ngā pūnaha uara me ngā ao tūroa. Hei tauira, ko te tātari i te tikanga tohu i roto i ngā karakia, ngā pepeha kawa, ngā tohu whakahonore rānei e tohu ana i ngā taumata hapori.
I roto i te mahi, ko te tātaritanga ā-ira ehara i te mea ko te pānui i te "tikanga" o ngā tohu anake, engari ko te tūhuratanga hoki i te mahi a ngā tohu i roto i ngā āhuatanga motuhake: te wā e whakamahia ana, ko wai e whakamahi ana, me te āhua o te urupare a te hunga whakarongo. Ka rerekē pea ngā tikanga o te tohu kotahi i runga i te horopaki, nō reira me whakataurite e ngā kairangahau te whakamahinga o ngā tohu puta noa i ngā huihuinga pāpori.
5. Te Whakamārama me te Whakamārama Hōhonu
Ko te hermeneutika e ahu mai ana i te whakaaro ko te mārama ki tētahi tuhinga he tukanga whakamaori maha-paparanga. Ko ngā tohunga tātai tangata e whakamahi ana i te hermeneutika e ngana ana ki te tomo ki te ao o te tikanga o te kaikōrero, o te kaituhi rānei, me te mōhio anō kei te kawe mai te kairangahau i tā rātou ake pae māramatanga. He pai tēnei tikanga mō ngā tuhinga uaua pēnei i ngā tuhinga whakapono, ngā pūrākau, ngā tuhinga ā-rohe rānei, ina kore e mārama tonu te tikanga.
Kei roto i te pānui matatau te mana o te hermeneutics: te aro ki ngā koretake, ngā whakahē, me te hītori o te whakamaoritanga o tētahi tuhinga. Heoi anō, me nui te whakaaroaro a te hermeneutics kia kore ai ngā kairangahau e "whakatakoto" i ngā tikanga mai i waho. I roto i te mātauranga tangata, he maha ngā wā ka honoa te hermeneutics me te mātauranga iwi hei tirotiro i te whakamāramatanga a te tangata i ngā tuhinga i roto i ngā mahi o ia rā.
6. Te Tātari Kōrero me te Whakamārama Iwi o te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero
Ki te māramahia ngā tuhinga hei tuhinga o ngā taunekeneke, ka nui te hiranga o te tātari kōrero me te tātari momo tangata whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Ka tirohia e te tātari kōrero ngā taipitopito iti pēnei i te hurihanga, te whakamutu, te kata, te whakatikatika, me ngā rautaki whakakore. Ka taea e ēnei taipitopito te whakaatu i ngā whanaungatanga pāpori, te mana, te ngākau māhaki, tae noa ki ngā pakanga huna.
Ko te etnography o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, i tētahi atu taha, e aro nui ana ki ngā ture ahurea o te kōrero: āhea me kōrero tika, āhea me kōrero ā-pūtake, ko wai ka whakahē i a wai, me pēhea te tohu a te momo reo i te mana. I roto i te mātauranga tangata, ka āwhina tēnei huarahi ki te mārama ko te "tikanga" ehara i te mea kei roto i ngā kupu anake, engari kei roto hoki i te āhua, te wā, me te āhuatanga e kōrerotia ana.
7. Tātari Hītori me te Pūranga
Ko ngā tuhinga pūranga—ngā pūrongo koroni, ngā nūpepa tawhito, ngā tuhinga mihinare, ngā tuhinga a te kooti rānei—he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia hei huarahi ki te mārama ki ngā huringa pāpori. Ko te tātaritanga hītori i roto i te mātauranga tangata ka tirotiro i ngā tuhinga hei hua o tētahi wā motuhake, kei roto ko ngā whakaaro pākiki, ngā hiahia, me ngā kāwai mātauranga e pā ana ki taua wā. Hei tauira, ko ngā tikanga koroni ki te whakarōpū i te iwi, i ngā tikanga rānei, ka taea te hanga i ngā kaupapa tōrangapū tuakiri tae noa ki tēnei rā.
Ko tēnei huarahi e hiahiatia ana te arotake i ngā pūtake: te pātai ko wai te kaituhi, he aha te kaupapa i hangaia ai te tuhinga, ko wai i mahue, me pēhea te whakaputa a te reo whakahaere i tētahi "mooni" ka kiia he mea whai take. Nō reira, ehara ngā pūranga i te mea he putunga noa iho o ngā meka, engari he wāhi mō te mana me te māngai.
8. Huarahi Mamati: Tātari Kuputuhi Āwhina-Tatau
I ngā horopaki o nāianei, kei te piki haere te tūtakitanga o ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki ngā raraunga tuhinga nui: ngā kōrero pāpāho pāpori, ngā huihuinga hapori, ngā purongo ipurangi rānei. Mā ngā tikanga tatau pēnei i te whakatauira kaupapa, te tātari kare ā-roto, ngā whatunga kupu rānei ka āwhina i te tautuhi i ngā tauira noa. Heoi anō, ko te tikanga, ka whakanui ngā tohunga tātai tangata me whakamārama ngā hua tatau mā te tikanga ahurea: he aha i puta ai ētahi kaupapa, me pēhea te mahi a te tawai me te whakatoi, me te horopaki ahurea kei muri i te "kare ā-roto".
He tikanga whakauru te tikanga e whakamahia ana: ka whakamahi ngā kairangahau i ngā taputapu matihiko hei mahere i ngā tauira, kātahi ka pānui tata i ngā tauira matua, me te uiui, te mātakitaki rānei hei whakamātautau i ngā whakamārama.
Ngā Hipanga Whaihua i roto i te Tātari Kuputuhi Ā-Iwi
I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea e te tātari tuhinga i roto i ngā rangahau tangata te whai i ēnei mahi: (1) te whakatau i te pātai rangahau me te momo tuhinga e tika ana; (2) te kohikohi raraunga me te whakarite i ngā tikanga matatika, inā koa mō ngā tuhinga tūmataiti, mō ngā hapori ngoikore rānei; (3) te tuhi me te whakarite raraunga; (4) te waihanga i ngā waehere tuatahi me ngā kāwai kaupapa; (5) te whakamārama i ngā tauira mā te hono atu ki ngā horopaki pāpori, hītori, me ngā whanaungatanga mana; (6) te whakamana mā te tapatoru—hei tauira, te whakataurite i ngā tuhinga ki ngā tirohanga mara me ngā uiuinga; (7) te tuhi i ngā hua me te whakaaroaro, arā, te mōhio ki te tūranga o te kairangahau i roto i te tukanga whakamārama.
Te Katinga
Ko ngā tikanga tātari tuhinga i roto i te mātauranga tangata he mea hangai ki te kaupapa kotahi: he mahi pāpori te tuhinga e kore e taea te wehe atu i te horopaki o te oranga tangata. Ka āwhina te tātari ihirangi ki te mahere tauira, ka hurahia e te tātari kōrero ngā whanaungatanga mana, ka mārama te tātari kōrero ki ngā wheako mā roto i ngā kōrero, ka pānuihia e te semiotics ngā tohu me ngā tohu, ka whakanuia e te hermeneutics te whakamaoritanga hōhonu, ka wetewetehia e te tātari kōrero ngā hihiri o te taunekeneke, ka whaihia e ngā rangahau pūranga te hītori o te whakaaturanga, ā, ka whakatuwherahia e ngā huarahi matihiko te āheinga ki te pānui raraunga nui. Mā te whakakotahi whakaaroaro i ēnei tikanga, ka taea e te mātauranga tangata te hopu i te tikanga ora—ehara i te tikanga tuhituhi anake—me te whakamārama me pēhea te whai wāhi a te reo me te tuhinga ki te hanga i te ao pāpori.
