Te Anthropology Hinengaro me ngā Āhuatanga o te Whanoke Tangata
Ko te mātauranga tangata me te hinengaro he kaupapa e rua e whai wāhi ana ki te mārama ki te tangata mai i ngā tirohanga rerekē. Ina honoa ēnei e rua, ka whānau mai te mara e mōhiotia ana ko te mātauranga tangata hinengaro. Ko te mātauranga tangata hinengaro he kaupapa iti e whakamahi ana i ngā huarahi mai i ngā kaupapa e rua hei ruku hohonu ake ki ngā whanonga o te tangata. Mā tēnei tirohanga, ka taea e tātou te mārama ki te taunekeneke a te ahurea, te taiao, me ētahi atu āhuatanga ki te hinengaro takitahi hei hanga i ngā wheako ahurei o te tangata.
Te Anthropology Hinengaro
Ko te hinengaro tangata e ngana ana ki te whakakotahi i ngā huarahi tauanga me ngā huarahi kounga hei whiwhi i te māramatanga whānui mō ngā whanonga tangata. Ko te hinengaro tangata, me tana tikanga kounga, e whakarato ana i te māramatanga ki ngā horopaki ahurea, ngā whakapono, ngā tikanga, ngā mahi, me ngā hanganga pāpori. I taua wā, ko te hinengaro tangata, me tana huarahi tauanga, e ruku hohonu ana ki ngā āhuatanga hinengaro, kare ā-roto, me te hinengaro o te tangata takitahi.
Mai i konei ka taea te puta he whakahiatotanga e āhei ai te māramatanga hohonu ake, whānui ake hoki mō te urupare a te tangata ki tōna taiao, te āhua o tā rātou taunekeneke ki te ao e karapoti nei i a rātou, me te pānga o ngā taiao ahurea me ngā taiao hanganga ki te hanga i te tuakiri me te whanonga o te tangata.
Ahurea me te Whanoke
He tino kaha te ahurea ki te awe i ngā whanonga o te tangata. Ko ngā tikanga, ngā uara, ngā tikanga tuku iho, me ngā kōrero tuku iho, he hua nō te hītori roa o te whanaketanga ahurea i tukuna iho i tētahi whakatipuranga ki tētahi whakatipuranga. He mahere pāpori, he kāpehu hoki te ahurea hei ārahi i te tangata i roto i ō rātou oranga. Heoi, he rerekē te whakamārama a ia tangata i ngā āhuatanga ahurea, i runga i ngā wheako whaiaro, te mātauranga, me ētahi atu āhuatanga e awe ana i te whanaketanga whaiaro.
Hei tauira, i roto i ngā ahurea whakakotahi, pērā i ngā mea e kitea ana i Āhia, he mea nui te noho tahi me te rangimarie o te hapori. Nō reira, ko ngā tāngata o ēnei ahurea ka aro nui ki ngā hiahia o te rōpū i runga i ngā hiahia takitahi. I tetahi atu taha, i roto i ngā ahurea takitahi, pērā i ngā mea e kitea ana i te nuinga o ngā whenua o te Hauāuru, he mea nui ake te herekoretanga takitahi me te whakapuaki i a rātou anō. Mā te huarahi hinengaro tangata ka āwhina i te whakamārama i te awe o ēnei rerekētanga ahurea ki te whakaaro, ki ngā kare ā-roto, me ngā mahi a ngā tāngata.
Te Whanoke me te Whanaketanga o te Tamaiti
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a te mātauranga hinengaro tangata ko tōna māramatanga ki te whanaketanga o te tamaiti. Kāore e taea te wehe i te whanaketanga o te tamaiti mai i te horopaki ahurea me te taiao e tipu ake ana ia. Ka taunekeneke ēnei āhuatanga ki ngā wāhanga whanaketanga hinengaro o te tamaiti, ka hanga i te ara e rerekē ana i ia ahurea ki ia ahurea.
He tauira whakamere ko te rangahau a Margaret Mead mō Hāmoa. I roto i tana pukapuka, "Coming of Age in Samoa," i tūhuratia e Mead te rerekētanga nui o te tukanga taiohitanga i waenga i ngā ahurea Hāmoa me ngā ahurea o te Hauāuru. I kitea e ia he iti ake te taumahatanga me te pakanga o te taiohitanga i Hāmoa i tērā tukanga ōrite i te Hononga o Amerika, i taua wā i kitea he wā e kī ana i ngā raruraru tuakiri. E whakaatu ana ēnei kitenga i te pānga o te horopaki ahurea ki ngā wāhanga whanaketanga o ngā tamariki me ngā taiohi.
Tuakiri me te Tuakiri Hapori
Ko te tuakiri tētahi atu wāhanga nui o te ako i te mātauranga hinengaro tangata. Ka hangaia te tuakiri o te tangata e ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu ki te ahurea, te whānau, te hapori, me ngā wheako whaiaro. Kāore te tuakiri e tū pakari; he hihiri, ā, ka taea te huri i roto i te wā me ngā āhuatanga.
Mā te mātauranga hinengaro tangata tātou e āwhina ki te mārama ki te taunekeneke me te awe o ngā tuakiri whaiaro me ngā tuakiri pāpori (pēnei i te karaehe pāpori, te iwi, me te ira tangata). Hei tauira, i roto i ngā hapori ahurea maha, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā tāngata ngā tuakiri ranu e whakaata ana i ngā awe mai i ngā ahurea maha. Ka taea e tēnei te awe i te taunekeneke a te tangata ki te ao e karapoti ana i a rātou, me ō rātou whakaaro mō tō rātou tūranga i roto i te taiao pāpori whānui.
Ko tētahi atu tauira whai kiko i ahu mai i te rangahau mō te tuakiri ira tangata puta noa i ngā ahurea. I ētahi ahurea, ka tirohia te ira tangata hei whānuitanga, kaua hei wehewehenga noa i waenganui i te tāne me te wahine. Ka whakahaerehia tēnei e ngā tikanga me ngā tūranga ira tangata rerekē, ka taea te awe i te tuakiri ira tangata me ngā whanonga ira tangata o te tangata.
Te ahotea me ngā tikanga whakatau
He mea nui anō hoki te ahotea me ngā tikanga whakahaere i roto i te hinengaro tangata. He tikanga motuhake tō ia ahurea ki te whakahaere i te ahotea, i ngā pēhanga o te ao rānei. I roto i ētahi ahurea, ka whai hua pea ngā mahi tuku iho me ngā kawa o te hapori hei tikanga whakahaere. Hei tauira, i roto i ētahi ahurea, ka taea e ngā kawa purenga, ngā hui whakapono rānei te whakarato i te whakaora kare ā-roto hei āwhina i te tangata ki te whakahaere i te ahotea.
I tētahi atu taha, i roto i ngā hapori hou e whai whakaaro ana ki te takitahi, tera pea he whaiaro ake ngā tikanga whakatau raruraru, pērā i te whakaora hinengaro, ngā mahi whakaaroaro rānei. Mā te mārama ki te awe o te ahurea i ngā tikanga whakatau raruraru ka taea te whakarato i ngā māramatanga nui mō ngā tohunga hinengaro me ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te hoahoa i ngā wawaotanga whai hua, e tika ana mō te ahurea.
Te Hinengaro me te Mātauranga Ahurea-Whānui
Ka tirotirohia e te hinengaro ahurea-maha te rerekētanga o ngā tukanga whakaaro me te whakaoti rapanga puta noa i ngā ahurea. Kua kitea e ngā tohunga hinengaro ahurea-maha ko te huarahi e tukatuka ai te tangata i ngā mōhiohio, e whakatau ana, e whakaoti rapanga ai, he maha ngā wā ka pāngia e tō rātou taiao ahurea.
Hei tauira, kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ko te hunga nō ngā ahurea whakakotahi he whakaaro whānui ake ki ngā raruraru, ā, he whakaaro whānui ki te horopaki pāpori. I taua wā, ko te hunga nō ngā ahurea takitahi he aro nui ake ki ngā taipitopito motuhake, ā, he nui ake te tūponotanga ka whakamahi i tētahi huarahi tātari. Mā ēnei momo rangahau ka puta he māramatanga e whakarei ake ai i tō tātou māramatanga ki te āhua o te ahurea e hanga ana i ā tātou tukanga hinengaro.
Te Hinengaro me te Whakahē Ahurea
He mea nui anō hoki te mahi a te hinengaro tangata ki te mārama ki te hinengaro mate hinengaro—he kupu e pā ana ki te ako i ngā mate hinengaro. He nui te awe o te ahurea ki ngā tirohanga mō ngā mea e kiia ana he "noa" he "rerekē" rānei, ā, he awe tēnei ki te āhua o te mōhiotanga, te māramatanga, me te rongoā i ngā mate hinengaro.
Tērā pea he noa ake, he motuhake rānei ētahi āhuatanga hauora hinengaro ki ētahi ahurea. Hei tauira, ko te anorexia nervosa he mea noa ake i roto i ngā ahurea o te Hauāuru, e whakanui ana ngā paerewa ataahua i te kikokore. I tetahi atu taha, ko ētahi mate pēnei i te "koro"—he āhuatanga e pāngia ai te tangata e te mataku koretake kei mimiti ō rātou ira tangata ka ngaro atu ki roto i te tinana—he mea noa ake i te Tonga me te Rawhiti o Āhia.
He mea nui te mārama ki te whakama o te ahurea, nā te mea he arai nui tēnei ki te rapu āwhina me te maimoatanga. I ētahi ahurea, ka kitea tonu te mate hinengaro hei tohu ngoikore, hei tohu rānei i ngā mana tipua, ka pā ki te huarahi e rapu tautoko ai, e whiwhi tautoko ai rānei te tangata.
Whakamutunga
E whakaatu ana te mātauranga hinengaro tangata i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te ahurea me ngā whanonga tangata, ā, e whakarato ana i te māramatanga hohonu ake mō ēnei āhuatanga. Mā te whakakotahi i ngā tikanga me ngā māramatanga mai i te mātauranga tangata me te hinengaro hinengaro, ka taea e tātou te whiwhi tirohanga whānui ake mō te whakaaro, te kare ā-roto, me te mahi a te tangata i roto i ngā horopaki ahurea me te taiao motuhake. Mai i te tuakiri ki ngā tikanga whakatau, mai i te mōhiotanga ki te hinengaro hinengaro, ka tukuna e te mātauranga hinengaro tangata ngā huarahi ahurei hei mārama ki ngā uauatanga o ngā whanonga tangata.
Hei whakamutunga, he mea nui kia haere tonu te mahi tahi a ngā kairangahau i ngā mara e rua, kia whakawhitiwhiti whakaaro, kia whakawhanake hoki i ngā ariā ka taea te whakamahi hei āwhina i ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā hapori kia tupu i roto i tētahi ao matatini, kanorau hoki.
