Te Iwi me te Iwi i roto i te Anthropology
Ko te mātauranga tangata he kaupapa pūtaiao e ako ana i te tangata puta noa i ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, ā-ahurea, me ā-pāpori. I roto i tēnei mara, e rua ngā kaupapa matua: te mātauranga tangata me te mātauranga tangata. He maha ngā wā e kiia ana he rite ēnei kaupapa e rua, engari he rerekētanga nui kei roto i ngā tikanga me ngā huarahi. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou ngā rerekētanga me ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i te mātauranga tangata me te mātauranga tangata i roto i te horopaki o te mātauranga tangata, me tō rāua hiranga ki te mārama ki te kanorau ahurea tangata.
Kupu Whakataki: Te Māramatanga Taketake
Ka taea te whakamārama ngāwari i te etnography hei ako i te ahurea tangata mā te tirotiro tika me te whai wāhi atu ki ngā oranga o ia rā o te rōpū e akohia ana. Ko te etnography he tikanga kohikohi raraunga nui, pērā i ngā uiuinga hōhonu, te tirotiro whai wāhi, me te tātari kōrero. Ko te whāinga matua o te etnography he mārama hōhonu ki te ahurea, ki ngā mahi pāpori, me ngā tirohanga ao o te rōpū e akohia ana.
I tētahi atu taha, ko te mātauranga iwi he peka o te mātauranga tangata e uru ana ki te whakataurite me te tātari ahurea. Ka whakamahia e te mātauranga iwi ngā raraunga i kohia e ngā kairangahau ahurea hei hanga i ngā whakarāpopototanga, hei tautuhi i ngā tauira noa, hei whakawhanake i ngā ariā mō ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te hapori tangata me te ahurea. Arā, ka mahi te mātauranga iwi i tētahi taumata tātari nui ake, ka whakanoho i ngā raraunga mātauranga iwi ki roto i tētahi horopaki whānui ake hei hanga i tētahi pikitia whānui ake o te kanorau ahurea.
Te Iwi Māori: Ngā Tikanga me ngā Huarahi
E kiia ana te rangahau iwi taketake ko te poutokomanawa o te ahurea me te pāpori. Me whai rangahau roa, hohonu hoki tēnei huarahi i roto i te mara, e mōhiotia ana ko te mahi mara. I roto i te mahi mara, ka noho ngā kaimātai iwi taketake ki te hapori e akohia ana, ā, ka whai wāhi atu ki ō rātou oranga o ia rā. Mā tēnei ka taea e ngā kaimātai iwi taketake te whiwhi māramatanga hōhonu me te pono ki ngā tikanga, ngā tikanga, me ngā uara o te rōpū e akohia ana.
He rerekē ngā tikanga kohikohi raraunga i roto i te mātauranga iwi. Ko te mātakitaki whai wāhi te tikanga matua, e kore e mātakitaki noa ngā kairangahau engari ka whai wāhi atu hoki ki ngā mahi o ia rā o te hapori. Mā tēnei ka āwhina i ngā kairangahau ki te mārama ki te horopaki o ngā mahi me ngā whanonga i tirohia. Ka whakamahia hoki ngā uiuinga hōhonu hei tiki tirohanga whaiaro me ngā kōrero mai i ngā mema o te rōpū e akohia ana. Hei tāpiri, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā kairangahau mātauranga iwi te arotake tuhinga, te whakaahua, tae noa ki te hopu ataata hei wāhanga o ā rātou tikanga kohikohi raraunga.
Ko tētahi tauira rongonui o te rangahau iwi ko te mahi a Bronislaw Malinowski, i whakaputaina i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, i reira i ako ai ia i ngā tāngata o ngā Moutere o Trobriand i te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa ki te Tonga. Mā te tirotiro whai wāhi me te tātari hohonu, i hurahia e Malinowski ngā whanaungatanga pāpori uaua me ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti i roto i ēnei hapori.
Iwi Māori: Tātari me te Whakawhānui
Ko te kaupapa o te ira tangata he aro nui ki te tātari whakatairite me te tātari ariā mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga ira tangata hei pūtake. Ka kohia e ngā tohunga ira tangata ngā raraunga mai i ngā rangahau ira tangata hei rapu i ngā tauira e tohu ana i ngā āhuatanga ōrite, i ngā rerekētanga rānei i waenga i ngā ahurea. Ko te whāinga o tēnei huarahi he whakaputa i ngā whakarāpopototanga me te whakawhanake i ngā ariā e whakamārama ana i ngā āhuatanga pāpori me ngā āhuatanga ahurea.
Hei tauira, tera pea ka hiahia tetahi tohunga momo tangata ki te ako i ngā pūnaha whanaungatanga puta noa i ngā ahurea. Mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga momo tangata, ka taea e rātou te whakarite i ngā tauira hei whakatau mena he rite tonu ngā tikanga o te whanaungatanga me ō rātou tūranga i roto i te ao pāpori.
Ko tētahi o ngā ariā matua o te mātauranga iwi ko te hanganga a Claude Lévi-Strauss . I whakamahia e Lévi-Strauss tētahi huarahi whakatairite hei tirotiro i ngā pūrākau me ngā hanganga pāpori o ngā ahurea rerekē . I tautohe ia he hanganga taketake kei raro i ngā ahurea tangata katoa, ka taea te whakaatu mā te tātaritanga whakatairite hōhonu.
Ngā Rerekētanga me ngā Hononga i waenga i te Ethnography me te Ethnology
Ahakoa he rerekē ngā whāinga me ngā huarahi rerekē o te mātauranga iwi me te mātauranga iwi, ka tautokohia e rāua tetahi i tetahi. Ka whakaratohia e te mātauranga iwi ngā raraunga taipitopito me ngā raraunga horopaki, engari ka tukuna e te mātauranga iwi he tātari whakatairite e āhei ai te whakawhanake i ngā ariā whānui.
Ko te rerekētanga matua i waenganui i ngā mea e rua, ko te arotahi o te mātauranga iwi ki te kohikohi raraunga tika, hōhonu, ko te mātauranga iwi ia e aro nui ana ki te tātari i ngā raraunga kua kohia hei hanga i ngā whakarāpopototanga me ngā ariā. Heoi, mā te mahi tahi o ēnei e rua ka āwhina i te mārama ki te uaua me te kanorau o te ahurea tangata.
I roto i te mahi, he maha ngā tohunga tātai tangata e mahi ana i ngā mara e rua. Tērā pea ka tīmata mā te whakahaere rangahau tātai tangata hei kohikohi raraunga, kātahi ka neke ki te tātai tangata hei tātari i aua raraunga i roto i te horopaki whānui. Mā tēnei ka taea e rātou te tuku māramatanga ehara i te mea motuhake ki tētahi rōpū ahurea anake engari he mea nui hoki i roto i te horopaki whānui.
Te Hiranga o te Ethnography me te Ethnology
He mea nui te mahi a ngā huarahi e rua i roto i te mātauranga tangata. Mā te mātauranga iwi ka mārama hohonu ki te āhua o te noho, te taunekeneke, me te whai tikanga o te ao o te tangata. He mea nui rawa tēnei i roto i te horopaki o te ao o nāianei, ina taea e te māramatanga ki te kanorau ahurea te whakamōhio i ngā mea katoa mai i ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui ki ngā mahi pakihi.
I tētahi atu taha, ka āwhina te mātauranga iwi ki te tautuhi i ngā tauira noa me ngā rerekētanga taketake i waenga i ngā ahurea. Ehara i te mea ka āwhina noa tēnei i te whakawhanaketanga o ngā ariā i roto i te mātauranga tangata engari he tono mahi anō hoki i roto i ngā mara pēnei i te hauora o te ao, te mātauranga, me te whanaketanga o te ao. Mā te mārama ki ngā tauira noa me ngā rerekētanga i roto i ngā ahurea tangata, ka taea te hanga kaupapa me ngā kaupapa here kia whai hua ake, kia aro nui hoki ki ngā horopaki ahurea.
Whakamutunga
He wāhanga iti e rua e tautoko ana i roto i te mātauranga tangata te mātauranga iwi me te mātauranga tikanga tangata. Mā te mātauranga tikanga tangata ka taea te mārama hohonu, te horopaki hoki o tētahi ahurea motuhake mā roto i ngā mahi mara whānui, ko te mātauranga tikanga tangata ia ka whakamahi i ngā raraunga mātauranga tikanga tangata hei whakahaere i ngā tātaritanga whakatairite, hei tautuhi i ngā tauira, hei whakawhanake i ngā ariā whānui. He mea nui ngā huarahi e rua hei āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ki te kanorau me te uaua o te ahurea tangata.
Mā te mahi tahi a te mātauranga iwi me te mātauranga iwi, ka taea e ngā tohunga mātauranga iwi te whakarato i ngā māramatanga whānui ake mō te tikanga o te tangata me te āhua o te whai tikanga o ngā hapori rerekē o te ao ki ō rātou oranga. I roto i tētahi ao e hono haere ana ki te ao whānui, ko taua māramatanga te mea nui ki te waihanga i ngā kaupapa here me ngā mahi tika, whānui, me te pumau.
