Te Anthropology Ōhanga me ngā Pūnaha Whakawhiti Taonga: He Rangahau Hōhonu
Ko te mataotao ōhanga he peka o te mataotao e aro ana ki te whakarite me te whakahaere i ngā mahi ōhanga a ngā hapori tangata. Ko te huarahi mataotao ōhanga e kapi ana i te ako i te hanga, te tohatoha, me te whakamahi rauemi a ngā hapori rerekē. Ko tētahi ariā matua i roto i te mataotao ōhanga ko te pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti, e puta ana i ngā ahurea tangata katoa, mai i te hokohoko noa ki ngā tikanga uaua e uru ana ki te moni me ngā mākete.
Te Mārama ki te Anthropology Ōhanga
Ka ako te mataotao ōhanga i ngā huarahi e whakahaerehia ai e ngā hapori rerekē ā rātou rauemi ōhanga. Ehara i te mea ko ngā mahi a te tangata anake ka taea te ine i roto i ngā tikanga moni tēnei kaupapa, engari ko ngā mahi pāpori me ngā mahi ahurea e awe ana, e pāngia ana hoki e te ōhanga. Hei tauira, ka rangahau te mataotao ōhanga i te whai wāhi nui o ngā uara ahurea, ngā tikanga pāpori, me ngā hanganga pāpori pērā i ngā whānau me ngā hapori ki te tohatoha me te whakamahi i ngā rauemi.
Ko te rerekētanga matua i waenga i te mātauranga tātai tangata ōhanga me te mātauranga ōhanga tuku iho ko tā rāua arotahi. Ahakoa e aro nui ana te mātauranga ōhanga tuku iho ki ngā tauira pāngarau me ngā mātāpono whānui, e whakanui ana te mātauranga tātai tangata ōhanga i te hiranga o ngā horopaki ahurea me te pāpori ki te mārama ki ngā mahi ōhanga. Mā te tātari i ngā pūnaha ōhanga rerekē huri noa i te ao, ka ngana ngā tohunga mātauranga tātai tangata ōhanga ki te tautuhi i ngā tauira me ngā mātāpono ka taea te whakamahi hei mārama ki te huarahi e aro atu ai ngā hapori rerekē ki ō rātou wero ōhanga.
Te Pūnaha Whakawhiti Taonga i roto i te Anthropology Ōhanga
Ko te pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti taonga tētahi o ngā āhuatanga pāpori tuatahi me ngā mea tino taketake o te hītori o te tangata. Ka puta te whakawhitiwhiti taonga ina hokohoko ngā rōpū rerekē e rua hei whakatutuki i ō rātou hiahia. I roto i tēnei horopaki, ka taea te whakawhitiwhiti taonga tika, e mōhiotia ana ko te hokohoko taonga, mā te whakamahi rānei i tētahi momo whakawhitiwhiti taonga pēnei i te moni.
Te Hokohoko hei Pūnaha Whakawhiti Taonga
Ko te hokohoko te momo whakawhitiwhiti māmā rawa atu, ā, tawhito rawa atu hoki. I roto i tēnei tauira, ka whakaae ngā rōpū e rua ki te hokohoko taonga, ratonga rānei kei a rātou mō ngā taonga, ratonga rānei e hiahiatia ana e rātou. Ko te ngoikoretanga matua o te pūnaha hokohoko ko te hiahia ki te kimi hoa mahi e whai hiahia ana, e mōhiotia ana ko te "taurite rua o ngā hiahia." Ahakoa tēnei, kei te whakamahia tonutia te hokohoko i roto i ngā hapori tuku iho o te ao, inā koa i ngā wāhi tūmatanui kāore pea e taea te uru atu ki te moni me ngā mākete.
Te Moni hei Waenga Whakawhitiwhiti
I te whanaketanga o ngā hapori, i te uaua haere o ngā ōhanga, ka whakaurua mai te moni hei huarahi whakawhitiwhiti taonga whānui. Nā te moni i āwhina te whakawhitiwhiti taonga mā te whakakore i te hiahia mō te "taurite takirua o ngā hiahia." I taea hoki e te moni te penapena uara, ā, i whakamahia hei waeine kaute hei aromatawai i ngā utu o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga. I roto i te mātauranga ōhanga, e kitea ana te moni ehara i te mea he huarahi whakawhitiwhiti moni anake, engari he tohu pāpori hoki e whakaata ana i te whakawhirinaki me te pumau i roto i te hapori.
Pūnaha Whakawhiti Kore-Pūtea
Haunga te hokohoko me te moni, kei reira ētahi atu pūnaha whakawhiti moni kore e akohia ana i roto i te mātauranga tangata ōhanga. Hei tauira, i roto i ētahi hapori taketake, he wāhanga nui o te oranga pāpori me te ōhanga ngā pūnaha tuku koha, te "whakawhiti koha". I roto i ēnei pūnaha, ka whakawhitiwhitihia ngā taonga me ngā ratonga hei tohu whakahoahoa, hononga, whakaute rānei, kaua hei taonga ōhanga noa iho.
I roto i tana pukapuka rongonui "The Gift" (1925), nā Marcel Mauss, he tohunga tātai tangata Wīwī, i whakauru te ariā o te "hau," e pā ana ki te mana wairua e whakaponohia ana kei roto i ngā taonga e whakawhitiwhitihia ana i roto i te pūnaha hoatu koha. E ai ki a Mauss, ka hangaia e te whakawhitiwhiti koha he hononga pāpori kaha ake i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga ōhanga noa, nā te mea he herenga matatika ki te hoatu, ki te whiwhi, me te whakahoki.
Ngā Pūnaha Whakawhitiwhiti i roto i ngā Hapori Tawhito me ngā Hapori Hou
Te Hapori Tūturu
I roto i ngā hapori taketake, he maha ngā wā ka whakauruhia ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti ki roto i ō rātou hanganga pāpori me ngā whakapono ahurea. Hei tauira, ko ngā iwi o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, pērā i te Kula o ngā Moutere o Trobriand, e whakamahi ana i ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti tino uaua e uru ana ki te haere tawhiti hei whakawhitiwhiti whakapaipai utu nui. E hono ana ēnei pūnaha ehara i te mea ki te ōhanga anake engari ki te mana pāpori, te mana, me te tuakiri ahurea.
Kei roto hoki i ngā tikanga hopu manu me te kohikohi a ngā iwi taketake o Amerika ēnei momo pūnaha. Ehara i te mea ka āwhina noa ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti i te tohatoha o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga, engari ka whakapakari anō hoki i ngā hononga pāpori me ngā hononga i waenga i ngā iwi.
I roto i te ao hou, kua whanake ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti moni hei whatunga tino uaua e uru ana ki ngā mākete o te ao, ngā umanga pūtea, me ngā kāwanatanga. Heoi anō, kei te mau tonu ngā āhuatanga o ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti moni tuku iho, ā, i ētahi wā ka puta anō i roto i te āhua o te ōhanga tiritiri me ngā hapori ā-rohe e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakawhitiwhiti taonga me ngā ratonga me te kore moni.
Ko te ōhanga tiritiri he kupu e whakaahua ana i te whakamahinga o te hangarau hei whakahaere i te whakawhitiwhiti taonga me ngā ratonga a te hoa-ki-te-hoa. Mā ngā tūāpapa pēnei i a Airbnb me Uber ka taea e te tangata te whakamahi pai i ngā rawa kāore i te tino whakamahia. Ahakoa te āhua hou, kāore te kaupapa matua i tino rerekē i te hokohoko, i te hoatu koha rānei i ngā wā o mua—arā, ko te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi i roto i te huarahi whai hua me te pumau.
Whakamutunga
Mā te huarahi ahurea me te huarahi pāpori, ka whakaratohia e te mātauranga ahurea ōhanga he māramatanga whai kiko ki te whakarite me te whakahaere a ngā hapori tangata i ā rātou mahi ōhanga. Ko ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti, ahakoa he māmā noa iho pērā i te hokohoko, he uaua rānei pērā i ngā mākete pūtea, he mea nui kua noho puta noa i te hītori o te tangata. Mā te ako i ngā momo āhua me ngā tikanga whakawhitiwhiti, ka taea e tātou te mārama ake me pēhea te kore noa o te ōhanga he āhuatanga rauemi engari he mahi pāpori me te ahurea hohonu hoki.
I tēnei ao e hono tonu ana, e uaua haere ana, e whai hua tonu ana ngā māramatanga mai i te mātauranga ōhanga hei āwhina i a tātou ki te whakaaroaro anō me pēhea te whakarite i ō tātou ōhanga me te hanga i tētahi heke mai e mau tonu ana, e ōrite ana hoki. Mā te mārama hohonu ake ki ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti, ka taea e tātou te ako mai i ētahi atu tauira ōhanga e hāngai ake ana ki ō tātou uara ahurea me ngā hiahia o ngā rauropi e noho nei tātou.
