Te Anthropology Tūmatanui me tōna Whakamahinga i roto i te Ture
Ko te tātai tangata tūpāpaku he peka o te pūtaiao tātai tangata e uru ana ki te whakamahinga o ngā mātāpono me ngā tikanga o te tātai tangata ā-tinana ki ngā horopaki ture. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia tēnei kaupapa hei āwhina i te tautuhi i ngā tāngata kua mate i roto i ngā āhuatanga uaua ki te tautuhi, pērā i te ahi, te pirau nui, i ngā take rānei kei reira ngā wheua anake e toe ana. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga te whakamāramatanga, te tikanga, me ngā whakamahinga o te tātai tangata tūpāpaku i roto i ngā horopaki ture rerekē.
Te Whakamāramatanga me te Hītori o te Anthropology Tūmatanui
I ahu mai te mātauranga tātai tangata ā-ture i te whakakotahitanga o te mātauranga tātai tangata ā-tinana me te pūtaiao tātai tangata ā-ture. I roto i ngā tau kua pahure ake nei, i whanake te pūtaiao i te hiahia ki te mārama ki ngā rerekētanga koiora tangata, nā te ako i ngā toenga tangata i roto i ngā horopaki whaipara tangata me ngā horopaki hou. I te rautau 19, ka tīmata te whakamahi i ngā tohunga tātai tangata ā-tinana i roto i ngā tirotirohanga taihara hei tautuhi i ngā tāngata kāore i te mōhiotia. Nā ngā take pēnei i ngā kohuru me ngā aituā nui i akiaki i te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga hou e whakamahi ana i te mātauranga o te koiora tangata.
Tikanga Tātaritanga Tangata Tūmatanui
Ko te tikanga e whakamahia ana i roto i te tātaritanga tangata ā-ture ko te tātari i ngā wheua tangata hei whakatau i ngā āhuatanga tinana o te patunga. Ko ētahi o ngā mahi matua me ngā tikanga i roto i te tātaritanga tangata ā-ture ko:
1. Te Tāututanga Koiora: Kei roto i tēnei tukanga te whakatau i te tau, te ira tangata, te takenga iwi, me te teitei o te patunga i runga i ngā wheua i kitea. Hei tauira, ka taea e te wheua hope te whakarato tohu mō te ira tangata, ko te wheua hope ia ka taea te whakamahi hei whakatau i te teitei.
2. Tātari Whara: Ka tirotirohia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata ngā wheua mō ngā tohu o te whara, o te whara rānei. Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā whati, ngā patunga pū, me ētahi atu tohu o te tutu. Ka taea e ēnei mōhiohio te whakarato tohu mō te take o te matenga.
3. Te Whakatau Tatau i te Wā o te Matenga: Mā te tirotiro i te āhua o ngā wheua me ngā kiko e karapoti ana ka āwhina i te whakatau i te wā i mate ai te tangata. Kei roto i ēnei tikanga ko te tātari pirau me te whakatau tau radiocarbon.
4. Te Hanga Anō i te Kanohi: I ētahi wā, ka mahi tahi ngā tohunga tātai tangata me ngā tohunga tātai ki te hanga anō i te mata o te patunga i runga i te angaanga. Ka āwhina tēnei ki te tautuhi i ngā patunga kāore i te mōhiotia.
5. Te DNA tirotiro: Ahakoa ehara i te wāhanga motuhake o te mātauranga tangata tirotiro, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te DNA tirotiro me te mātauranga tangata tirotiro mō te tautuhi takitahi.
Te tono i roto i te ture
He whānuitia ngā tono o te mātauranga tūpāpaku i roto i ngā horopaki ture maha:
1. Ngā Take Taihara: Mō ngā take kohuru, tūkino rānei e pā ana ki ngā tinana kāore e taea te mōhio, ka āwhina ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te tautuhi i ngā patunga, te mārama ki te whara i pā ki a rātou, me te whakarato i ngā mōhiohio ka taea te whakamahi i roto i ngā whakahaerenga ture.
2. Ngā Āhuatanga Kino Nui: I roto i ngā aituā pēnei i ngā rū whenua, ngā tsunami, ngā tukinga waka rererangi rānei, he mea nui te tautuhi i ngā tāngata i pāngia e te mate mō te tukanga whakaora me te whakamanatanga ture. He maha ngā wā ka uru atu ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki ngā tīma urupare ā-whatu hei tautuhi i ngā tāngata i pāngia e te mate.
3. Ngā Tirotirohanga Ā-Iwi: Ka whakamahia hoki te mātauranga tangata whenua i roto i ngā horopaki ā-iwi, pērā i ngā tirotirohanga urupā nui, i ngā take ngaro rānei. I roto i ngā whenua e pāngia ana e te pakanga, e te tutu ā-kāwanatanga rānei, ka āwhina ngā tohunga tātai tangata whenua ki te hura i ngā kōrero tuku iho me te whakarato i te tika mō ngā whānau o ngā patunga.
4. Ngā Taraipiunara mō ngā Tika Tangata: I roto i te horopaki o ngā whakawakanga mō ngā tika tangata, he mahi nui tā ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te whakarato taunakitanga ā-tinana mō ngā mahi nanakia i mahia. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ēnei taunakitanga hei whakawā i ngā kaihara i ngā hara pakanga me te tutu pūnaha.
5. Te Whakamahinga o ngā Hangarau Matatau: I te whanaketanga o te hangarau, ka whakamahia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata taihara ngā taputapu me ngā tikanga matawai matawai pēnei i ngā matawai CT, te whakaahua 3D, me te pūmanawa tātari raraunga hei whakapai ake i te tika me te whai huatanga o te tautuhi me te tātari.
Ngā Ārai me ngā Wero
Pērā i ētahi atu marautanga, he maha ngā arai me ngā wero e pā ana ki te rangahau matawhenua. Ko te kaha ki te whakarato i te tautuhi tika me te tātari hohonu ka whakawhāitihia e ngā āhuatanga taiao o waho pēnei i te nui o te pirau, te kino ā-pūkaha o ngā wheua, me te pānga ki ngā āhuatanga o te rangi. Ko ētahi atu wero ko te hiahia mō te tohungatanga tino motuhake me ngā herenga o te hangarau i roto i ētahi āhuatanga.
I ētahi wāhi, me whai whakaaro anō hoki ki ngā take matatika me ngā take tika tangata. Hei tauira, mō te keri i ngā urupā papatipu i ngā rohe pakanga, he mea nui te whai wāhi atu ki ngā hapori o te rohe me te aro ki ngā tikanga ahurea kia tika ai te whakahaere i ngā tikanga tātaritanga me te whakaute.
Te Takoha ki te Pūtaiao me te Hapori
Ehara i te mea he uara mahi noa iho te matauranga tangata tūpāpaku i roto i ngā horopaki ture, engari he takoha nui anō hoki ki te whakatairanga i te pūtaiao. Mā te rangahau i tēnei mara ka whakapiki ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā rerekētanga koiora tangata, te urutau ira, me ngā tauira whara i roto i ngā taupori tangata.
I te taumata pāpori, he pānga nui tō te mahi a ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te tika me ngā tika tangata. Mā te tautuhi i ngā tāngata i pāngia e te tutu, i roto i ngā pakanga o mua me ngā hara o ēnei rā, ka āwhina ēnei tohunga ki te whakaoti me te whakatau tika ki ngā whānau o ngā tāngata i pāngia, me te whakarite i te kawenga a ngā kaiwhakapae.
Whakamutunga
Ko te matauranga tangata tūpāpaku he kaupapa e whakakotahi ana i ngā tikanga pūtaiao me ngā tono ture nui. Mai i ngā take taihara ki ngā aituā nui, he mea nui te whai wāhi mai o ngā tohunga matauranga tangata tūpāpaku ki te tautuhi i ngā patunga me te mārama ki ngā take o ō rātou matenga. Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tātari wheua matatau me te mahi tahi me ētahi atu kaupapa, ka whanake tonu te kaupapa, ā, ka whai wāhi nui ki te whakatinanatanga ture me te whakatairanga i te pūtaiao. Kāore ngā wero e pā ana ki a rātou e whakaiti ana i te hiranga o ā rātou mahi, engari e whakanui ana i te uaua me te hiranga o tētahi huarahi whakauru ki te mārama ki te tautuhi tangata me te whai i te tika.
