Te Pakanga i waenganui i te Tikanga Tuku Iho me te Ao Hou i roto i te Anthropology
Pendahuluan
Ko te mātauranga tangata, hei rangahau pūtaiao mō te tangata, te ahurea, me te whanaketanga pāpori, kei te aro tonu ki ngā āhuatanga uaua i waenga i te tikanga tuku iho me te ao hou. Ehara i te mea ko te oranga o ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā iwi anake te pānga o tēnei pakanga, engari he whānui hoki ōna pānga ki te māramatanga mātauranga tangata mō te urutau ahurea, te tuakiri, me te huringa pāpori.
Te Whakamāramatanga o te Tuku Iho me te Ao Hou
I mua i te ruku hohonu atu, he mea nui kia mārama ki ngā whakamāramatanga matua o ēnei kupu e rua. Ko te tikanga tuku iho e pā ana ki ngā mahi ahurea tawhito kua tukuna iho i roto i ngā whakatipuranga i roto i tētahi hapori. Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā kawa, ngā whakapono, ngā uara, me ngā tikanga kua noho hei wāhanga nui o te tuakiri o tētahi rōpū.
He rerekē, ko te ao hou e hono ana ki ngā huringa tere o te pāpori, o te ōhanga, me te hangarau, mai i te Wā Māramatanga ki te ao whānui o nāianei. He maha ngā wā e hono ana te ao hou ki ngā uara pēnei i te whakaaro nui, te takitahi, me te pūnaha pūtea.
Te Hiranga o te Tikanga Tuku Iho i roto i te Anthropology
He mea nui te mahi a te tikanga tuku iho ki te pupuri i te haere tonu o te hapori me te tuakiri ahurea . Mā roto i ngā kawa, te reo, te toi, me ngā whakapono, ka taea e ngā hapori te pupuri i ō rātou pūtake ahurea. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā hapori taketake o Indonesia, pērā i te Toraja, ehara i te mea he huihuinga pāpori anake te kawa tangihanga tuku iho "Rambu Solo" engari he tohu hoki mō tō rātou tuakiri ahurea whai rawa .
Heoi anō, ka taea hoki e te tikanga tuku iho te noho hei taputapu mō te pupuri i te āhua o nāianei me ngā taumata pāpori pakari. I whakaatu te tohunga mātauranga tangata a Edward Evans-Pritchard i roto i āna rangahau ka taea e te tikanga tuku iho te whakakaha i ngā hanganga mana kore taurite i roto i te hapori Azande o Sudan. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka noho te tikanga tuku iho hei kaupapa rangahau arohaehae i roto i te mātauranga mātauranga tangata.
Te Ao Hou me te Huringa Hapori
He nui ngā huringa e kawea mai ana e te ao hou, arā, he pai, he kino hoki. I te taha pai, he maha ngā wā e hono ana te ao hou ki ngā whakapainga o te kounga o te oranga mā te hangarau hauora, te mātauranga, me ngā hanganga. Heoi anō, he maha ngā wā ka arahi te ao hou ki te whakararuraru i te pāpori me te ahurea.
Ko te ao whānui, he hua matua o te ao hou, kua āwhina i te horapa o ngā mōhiohio me ngā hangarau, engari kua tere ake hoki te whakakotahitanga o ngā ahurea. He maha ngā iwi tuku iho e pēhia ana kia urutau ki ngā tikanga "hou", e rerekē ana ki ō rātou uara me ngā mahi ahurea. I roto i tēnei horopaki, me whai taputapu tātari hou me ngā huarahi hou te mātauranga tangata hei mārama me te urupare ki ēnei huringa.
Te Mate o te Ao Hou
Kāore te ao hou e kawe mai i te ahunga whakamua e tumanakohia ana i ngā wā katoa. He maha ngā tirohanga ka puta mai i ngā arotake, e whakaatu ana i tōna taha pōuri. I roto i te mātauranga tangata, ka kitea tēnei arotake i roto i ngā ariā pērā i ngā mea i whakatakotoria e Pierre Bourdieu rāua ko Jürgen Habermas.
E whakamārama ana a Bourdieu i te hononga o te whakapaipai ahurea me te whakapaipai tohu ki te mana ōhanga, ā, ka nui ake te kore taurite o te hapori. I tētahi atu taha, e whakamārama ana a Habermas i te ariā o te 'koronitanga o te ao ora,' e whakahaere ana i ngā wāhi pāpori tuku iho e ngā pūnaha ōhanga me ngā pūnaha tōrangapū hou, e ngoikore ai te kaha o ngā hapori ki te pupuri me te whakawhanake i ō rātou ake ahurea.
Akoranga Take: Ngā Iwi Taketake me te Ao Hou i Initonīhia
I roto i a Initonīhia, me ōna kanorau ahurea, he maha ngā tauira e whakaatu ana i te pakanga i waenganui i te tikanga tuku iho me te ao hou. Hei tauira, he maha ngā wā ka pāngia te iwi taketake o Baduy i te Hauāuru o Java e te raruraru o te pupuri i ā rātou tikanga tuku iho i waenganui i te ao hou e horapa haere ana i roto i tō rātou rohe. Ko tā rātou whakakorenga i ngā hangarau hou pēnei i te hiko me te kawe waka he ngana mārama ki te pupuri i tō rātou tuakiri me ngā tikanga.
I tētahi atu taha, kua angitu te whakakotahi a te iwi taketake o Dayak o Kalimantan i ētahi o ngā āhuatanga o te ao hou me ā rātou tikanga tuku iho. Nā te whakamahinga o ngā hangarau ahuwhenua hou me te mahi tahi me ngā whakahaere kāwanatanga kore i āwhina i a rātou ki te whakapai ake i te kounga o ō rātou oranga me te kore e whakarērea tō rātou tuakiri ahurea.
Huarahi Tangata ki te Whakakore i te Pakanga
Me whakawhanake tonu te mātauranga tangata i ngā huarahi ngāwari, whānui hoki hei aro atu ki te pakanga i waenga i te tikanga tuku iho me te ao hou. Ko tētahi huarahi e piki haere ana te rongonui ko te huarahi "glocal", e arotahi ana ki te taunekeneke i waenga i ngā tukanga ā-ao me ngā horopaki ā-rohe. Ehara i te mea ka āwhina noa tēnei huarahi ki te mārama ki ngā nekehanga o te huringa pāpori engari ka whakatuwhera hoki i te wāhi mō te rapu otinga whai hua mō te katoa.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, mā ngā tikanga rangahau ā-iwi whai wāhi e uru ana te mahi tahi a ngā kairangahau me ngā hapori o te rohe ka taea te whakatairanga i te māramatanga hohonu ake mō te huarahi pai ki te whakataurite i te tikanga tuku iho me te ao hou. Me pupuri e ngā tohunga tikanga tangata ngā tikanga rangahau, me whakaute i ngā mana ahurea, me te karo i ngā whakaaro pākiki ka kino pea ki ngā hapori e rangahauhia ana.
Te Tūranga o te Kāwanatanga me ngā Whare Wānanga o te Ao
He mahi nui anō tā ngā kāwanatanga me ngā umanga o te ao ki te whakahaere i ēnei pakanga. Mā ngā kaupapa here e whakaute ana i te kanorau ahurea me te tautoko i te haere tonu o ngā tikanga tuku iho, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā pānga kino o te ao hou. Ko ngā kaupapa mātauranga e whakauru ana i ngā uara ā-rohe me te ao whānui he otinga whai hua.
Kua whakatinanahia e ngā umanga o te ao pēnei i a UNESCO ngā kaupapa maha hei tiaki i te taonga tuku iho , engari kei te mau tonu ngā wero nui. Me mahi tahi tata atu ngā kāwanatanga ā-rohe, ngā hapori, me te ao whānui kia taea ai te whakatinana i ngā kaupapa whai hua me te pumau.
Whakamutunga
He āhuatanga uaua, he maha ngā āhuatanga o te pakanga i waenganui i te tikanga tuku iho me te ao hou i roto i te mātauranga tangata. Ko te mārama ki tēnei āhuatanga me whai huarahi maha-mātauranga tae atu ki te tātari arohaehae i te pānga o te ao hou me ngā mahi hei pupuri i te tikanga tuku iho.
Mā te ako hōhonu me te whānui, ka taea e te mātauranga tangata te āwhina i te waihanga māramatanga me ngā otinga e whakaute ana, e tiaki ana hoki i te kanorau ahurea. He uara me he wero anō ō te ao tuku iho me te ao hou. Ko te wero mō te mātauranga tangata ko te kimi i tētahi taurite e taea ai e ēnei huānga e rua te noho tahi me te whakarei ake tetahi i tetahi.
Nō reira, kei te whai tonu te mātauranga matawhenua i tana tūranga hei pūtaiao e mārama ana ki te tangata me ō rātou ahurea, engari e whakapau kaha ana hoki ki te pupuri i te rangimarie i roto i te rere tonu o ngā huringa.
