Nā Waiwai a me nā Manaʻo o nā ʻAkika a me nā Kumu
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā waikawa a me nā kumu he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ia o ka kemika mai ka wā kahiko. ʻAʻole wale kēia manaʻo he mea nui i nā haʻawina kemika kula akā he mea nui hoʻi i nā ʻano hana ʻoihana, mahiʻai, lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā noi o kēlā me kēia lā. E ʻimi pono kēia ʻatikala i nā waiwai a me nā manaʻo o nā waikawa a me nā kumu, e hāʻawi ana i nā wehewehe hohonu a me kekahi mau noi kūpono.
Ka Wehewehena o nā ʻakika a me nā kumu
Ma keʻano laulā, he hui ka waikawa e hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i nā iona hydrogen (H+) ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai, ʻoiai he hui ke kumu e hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i nā iona hydroxide (OH-) ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai.
Wehewehena e like me ke Kumumanaʻo ʻo Arrhenius
ʻO ke kumumanaʻo ʻo Arrhenius kekahi o nā kumumanaʻo kahiko loa e hāʻawi ana i ka wehewehe ʻana o nā waikawa a me nā kumu. Wahi a kēia kumumanaʻo:
– He mea ia e hoʻopuka ai i nā iona H+ i loko o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe.
– He mea ia e hoʻopuka ai i nā ion OH- i loko o kahi hopena wai.
Eia nō naʻe, he mau palena ko kēia kumumanaʻo no ka mea pili wale ia i nā hopena wai a ʻaʻole ia e wehewehe i ke ʻano o nā waikawa a me nā kumu i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻē aʻe.
Ka Wehewehena e like me ke Kumumanaʻo Bronsted-Lowry
No ka lanakila ʻana i nā palena o ke kumumanaʻo Arrhenius, aia ke kumumanaʻo Bronsted-Lowry, e hāʻawi ana i kahi wehewehe ākea:
– He mau mea hāʻawi proton (H+) nā waikawa.
– He mea ʻae proton (H+) ke kumu.
ʻOi aku ka laulā o kēia wehewehe ʻana a hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i nā hopena i ʻole e pili ana i ka wai.
Wehewehena e like me ke Kumumanaʻo Lewis
ʻO kekahi kumumanaʻo e hoʻonui i ko kākou ʻike i nā waikawa a me nā kumu, ʻo ia ke kumumanaʻo Lewis. Wahi a G.N. Lewis:
– He mau mea ʻae pālua electron nā waikawa.
– He mea hāʻawi pālua electron ke kumu.
Me kēia wehewehe ʻana, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo i nā hopena acid-base e like me ka pilina ma waena o nā mea hāʻawi pālua electron a me nā mea ʻae, kahi e hāʻawi ai i kahi wehewehe piha aʻe o nā hopena kemika e hana ʻia.
Nā Waiwai Kino a me Kemika o nā ʻAkika a me nā Kumu
Asama
1. ʻOno ʻawaʻawa: He ʻono ʻokoʻa ko nā waikawa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻawaʻawa. Eia kekahi laʻana, ka waikawa citric i loko o nā lemona a i ʻole ka waikawa acetic i loko o ka vīnega.
2. pH haʻahaʻa: ʻO ka pH o nā waikawa ma lalo o 7. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ka pH, ʻo ka ikaika o ka acidity.
3. Ka hana hou ʻana: Hana nā waikawa me nā metala e hana i ke kinoea hydrogen. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hana ma waena o ka waikawa hydrochloric (HCl) a me ka zinc (Zn) e hana i ka zinc chloride (ZnCl2) a me ke kinoea hydrogen (H2).
4. Ka hoʻokele ʻana: Hoʻokele nā waikawa i ka uila ma muli o ke alo o nā ion e neʻe manuahi ana.
kumu
1. ʻAwaʻawa: ʻO ka maʻamau, he ʻawaʻawa ka ʻono o nā kumu. No ka laʻana, he pahee ka sodium hydroxide (NaOH) ma ka ʻili.
2. pH kiʻekiʻe: ʻOi aku ka pH o nā kumu ma mua o 7. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pH, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka alkalinity.
3. Ka hana hou ʻana: Hana nā kumu me nā waikawa e hana i ka paʻakai a me ka wai i loko o kahi hopena neutralization. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hopena ma waena o ka sodium hydroxide (NaOH) a me ka hydrochloric acid (HCl) e hana i ka sodium chloride (NaCl) a me ka wai (H2O).
4. Ka hoʻokele ʻana: Hoʻokele pū nā hopena kumu i ka uila ma muli o ke alo o nā ion e neʻe manuahi ana.
Nā Hōʻailona Waikawa a me ke Kumu
He mea hoʻohana ka mea hōʻailona e hoʻoholo ai i ka ʻakika a i ʻole ke kumu o kahi hopena. Hoʻololi ke kala o nā mea hōʻailona ke hoʻohui ʻia i kahi waikawa a i ʻole ke kumu. ʻO kekahi mau mea hōʻailona i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia:
1. Litmus: E lilo ka pepa litmus ʻulaʻula i polū ke waiho ʻia i loko o kahi hopena kumu, a e lilo ka pepa litmus polū i ʻulaʻula ke waiho ʻia i loko o kahi hopena ʻakika.
2. Phenolphthalein: ʻAʻohe kala o Phenolphthalein i loko o nā hopena waikawa, akā lilo ia i poni i loko o nā hopena kumu.
3. ʻAlani methyl: ʻUlaʻula i loko o ka hopena waikawa a lilo i melemele i loko o ka hopena kumu.
4. Polū Bromthymol: Melemele i loko o ka hopena waikawa a polū i loko o ka hopena kumu.
pālākiō pH
ʻO ke ana pH kahi ala e ana ai i ka acidity a i ʻole alkalinity o kahi hopena. Loaʻa ka ana mai ka 0 a i ka 14, i hōʻike ʻia penei:
– pH 0-6: ʻAkika, me ka pH 0 he ʻakika loa.
– pH 7: Kūlike ʻole.
– pH 8-14: ʻAlani, me ka pH 14 he ʻano alkaline loa.
Hiki ke hana ʻia nā ana pH me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pepa pH, kahi e hoʻololi ai i ke kala e like me ka pae pH o ka hopena, a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mika pH uila, kahi mea hana pololei no ke ana ʻana i ka pH.
Manaʻo Hoʻopau
ʻO ka neutralization kahi hopena ma waena o kahi waikawa a me kahi kumu e hana ai i ka paʻakai a me ka wai. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia hopena i nā noi he nui, me ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoneoneo a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻōpū ʻōpū. ʻO kahi laʻana o ka hopena neutralization ka hopena ma waena o ka waikawa hydrochloric (HCl) a me ka sodium hydroxide (NaOH):
\[ \kikokikona{HCl} + \kikokikona{NaOH} \rightarrow \kikokikona{NaCl} + \kikokikona{H}_2\kikokikona{O} \]
Nā Hoʻohana o nā ʻAkika a me nā Bases
Hoʻohana ʻia nā waikawa a me nā kumu i nā ʻano hana like ʻole o kēlā me kēia lā a me nā ʻoihana:
1. ʻOihana:
– Hoʻohana ʻia ka waikawa sulfuric (H2SO4) i ka hana ʻana i nā mea hoʻouluulu, nā pila, a me nā mea holoi.
– Hoʻohana ʻia nā kumu e like me ka sodium hydroxide (NaOH) i ka hana ʻana i ke kopa a me ka pepa.
2. ʻOhana:
– Loaʻa ka waikawa ʻakika (CH3COOH) i loko o ka vīnega i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea ʻala no ka lumi kuke.
– ʻO ka soda hoʻomoʻa (sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3) kahi kumu i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana e hoʻāla i ka palaoa.
3. Ola kino:
- Hiki ke mālama ʻia nā ʻōpū me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā antacids, he alkaline pinepine ia, e hoʻopau i ka waikawa o ka ʻōpū keu.
– He mea nui ka pH ʻili olakino no ka mālama ʻana i ke kaulike o nā bacteria maikaʻi ma ka ʻili, hoʻoponopono pinepine ʻia nā huahana mālama ʻili i ka pH.
4. Kaiapuni:
– Hoʻokomo pinepine ka hoʻokele ʻōpala ʻoihana i kahi kaʻina hana neutralization e hōʻoia i ka ʻawaʻawa ʻole a alkaline paha o ka ʻōpala ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana i ke kaiapuni.
– He mea nui ke ana ʻana i ka pH o ka lepo i ka mahiʻai e hōʻoia i ka ulu pono ʻana o nā mea kanu ma ka pH kūpono.
Ka hopena
ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o nā waikawa a me nā kumu he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ia o ka kemika, me nā noi hana he nui i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka ʻoihana. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā waiwai a me ke ʻano o nā waikawa a me nā kumu, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopili i kēia ʻike i nā ʻano noi like ʻole, mai ka mālama ola a hiki i ka hoʻokele kaiapuni. Hāʻawi nā kumumanaʻo ʻo Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, a me Lewis i nā ʻōnaehana e kōkua iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i nā hopena kemika e pili ana i nā waikawa a me nā kumu, kēlā me kēia me kona mau pono ponoʻī. ʻAe kēia iā mākou e hoʻohana naʻauao i nā waikawa a me nā kumu no nā kumu pono like ʻole.
