Nā laʻana o nā nīnau a me nā ʻano hana no nā nalu māmā i nā optics kino
Nā ʻano o ke kukui
1. He nalu electromagnetic ka mālamalama, no laila ka mālamalama….
A. ʻAʻole ʻike i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana
B. ʻAʻole ʻike i ka refraction
C. ʻAʻole pono i kahi mea hoʻolaha
D. ʻAʻole lawe i ka ikehu i kona hoʻolaha ʻana
Pahana
He nalu ka mālamalama, no laila, ke hoʻohuli nei, ka refraction, a lawe i ka ikehu i kona wā e laha ana, e like me nā nalu ʻē aʻe. He nalu electromagnetic ka mālamalama, no laila ʻaʻole pono ia i kahi medium no ka laha ʻana.
ʻO C ka pane pololei.
2. E hoʻolohe i ka ʻōlelo aʻe:
1. Neʻe ka mālamalama ma kahi laina pololei
2. He nalu electromagnetic ka mālamalama
3. Hiki ke omo ʻia ke kukui
4. He uila ka mea e hoʻouku ai ke kukui
ʻO ka ʻōlelo kūpono e pili ana i nā ʻano o ka māmā ...
A. ʻōlelo 1 wale nō
B. nā ʻōlelo 1 a me 2
C. nā ʻōlelo 1, 2 a me 3
D. ʻoiaʻiʻo nā ʻōlelo a pau
Pahana
1. Neʻe ke kukui ma kahi laina pololei.
He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia ʻōlelo no ka mea ʻoiai ke neʻe nei ke kukui e like me ka nalu transverse, he laina pololei ke ala o ke kukui. Ma ke kumuhana o nā optics geometric (reflexion and refraction of light), ua hōʻike ʻia ke kukui ma ke ʻano he kukuna nona ke ala o ka neʻe ʻana he laina pololei.
2. He nalu electromagnetic ka mālamalama:
He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia ʻōlelo no ka mea he nalu electromagnetic ka mālamalama, kahi ʻaʻole pono ai kahi mea waena no ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka mālamalama.
3. Hiki ke omo ʻia ke kukui:
He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia ʻōlelo. He ʻano nalu electromagnetic ka mālamalama. Lawe nā nalu a pau, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mechanical a me ka electromagnetic, i ka ikehu i ko lākou hele ʻana mai kekahi wahi a i kekahi wahi. No laila, hiki ke omo ʻia kekahi o ka ikehu o ka mālamalama e ke kikowaena e hele ai. No ka laʻana, i ka wā e hele ai ka mālamalama i kahi aniani mokulele, ua hōʻike ʻia ka hapa nui o ka mālamalama, akā ua omo ʻia kahi hapa liʻiliʻi e ke aniani.
4. He uila ka mea e hoʻouku ai i ke kukui:
He wahaheʻe kēia ʻōlelo. He nalu electromagnetic ka mālamalama, a ua hana ʻia nā nalu electromagnetic e ka oscillating uila a me nā kahua magnetic. Hoʻopuka ʻia nā nalu electromagnetic e ka hoʻolalelale ʻana i nā uku uila.
ʻO C ka pane pololei.
Hoʻākāka kūpono
3. Hōʻike ke kiʻi ma ka ʻākau i kahi pōhaku hoʻonani daimana he pipiʻi loa ia no ka mea he ʻālohilohi loa ka mālamalama i hōʻike ʻia e ke daimana. Ua hana ʻia kēia hanana e…
A. refraction kūpono kahi e komo ai ka mālamalama mai kahi waena liʻiliʻi i kahi waena ʻoi aku ka paʻa
B. refraction kūpono kahi i ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kihi o ka hiki ʻana ma mua o ke kihi palena
C. hoʻākāka kūpono kahi e puka mai ai ke kukui mai kahi waena liʻiliʻi i kahi waena ʻoi aku ka paʻa
D. ʻōlinolino kūpono kahi i ʻoi aku ai ke kihi o ka hiki ʻana ma mua o ke kihi palena
Pahana
ʻIke ʻia ke kukui mai kahi daimana e ʻālohilohi ma muli o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ka mālamalama a me ka hoʻākāka kūpono. Hiki mai ka hoʻākāka kūpono ke neʻe ka mālamalama mai kahi waena me kahi helu refractive kiʻekiʻe aʻe i kahi me kahi helu refractive haʻahaʻa. No ka laʻana, neʻe ka mālamalama mai ka daimana (me kahi helu refractive kiʻekiʻe aʻe) i ka ea (me kahi helu refractive haʻahaʻa). No ka hoʻomaopopo hou aku i kēia, e nānā i ke kiʻi ma lalo.
Ke neʻe ke kukui mai kahi waena me kahi helu refractive nui i kahi waena me kahi helu refractive liʻiliʻi, ua kulou ke kukui mai ka maʻamau. Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kihi o ka hiki ʻana mai (i) a laila ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kihi o ka refraction (r). Ma kekahi kihi o ka hiki ʻana mai, ʻo ke kihi o ka refraction he 90o. ʻO ke kihi o ka hiki ʻana mai i ka wā he 90o ke kihi o ka refraction ua kapa ʻia ʻo ke kihi koʻikoʻi (θk) a i ʻole ke kihi palena. Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kihi o ka hiki ʻana mai ma mua o ke kihi koʻikoʻi a i ʻole ke kihi palena a laila ʻaʻohe kukui i refract ʻia; ua hōʻike ʻia nā kukui a pau.
ʻO D ka pane pololei.
4. Nā Nīnau no ka Hoʻokūkū ʻEpekema Lahui 2011 no nā Kula Kiʻekiʻe Haʻahaʻa ma ka Pae Kulanakauhale/Kaona Helu 39
ʻO ka hanana ma lalo nei, he hōʻailona ia o ka noʻonoʻo kūpono, ʻo ia….
A. ānuenue
B. mirage
loko kala C.
D. astigmatism
Pahana
Ua kapa ʻia ka mirage he hanana reflection kūpono no ka mea ma kēia kaʻina hana, ʻaʻohe mālamalama e puka mai ana mai ka lewa i refract ʻia e ka ʻili alanui akā ʻike ʻia me he mea lā ua hōʻike ʻia nā mālamalama āpau e ka ʻili alanui. Hana ʻia nā mirages no ka mea hele ka mālamalama ma o nā papa o ka ea nona nā ʻōkuhi refractive like ʻole ma muli o nā densities like ʻole o kēia mau papa o ka ea. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka mālamalama e ka ʻili alanui akā ua refract (piʻo) ʻia e nā papa o ka ea nona nā ʻōkuhi refractive like ʻole.
ʻO ka pane pololei ʻo B.
5. Nā Nīnau no ka Hoʻokūkū ʻEpekema Lahui 2010 no nā Kula Kiʻekiʻe Haʻahaʻa ma ka Pae Kulanakauhale/Kaona Helu 30
ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i kahi paheʻe aila ma luna o ka ʻili o ke alanui ʻasapala i kahi lā wela he hanana noʻonoʻo piha ia no ka mea….
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka ʻōkuhi refractive o nā papa o luna o ka ea ma mua o nā papa o lalo.
B. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻōkuhi refractive o nā papa o luna o ka ea ma mua o nā papa o lalo.
C. Hōʻike nā kulu wai i nā kala like ʻole ma nā kihi ʻokoʻa o ke akaaka ʻana.
D. Hoʻohuli nā kulu wai i nā kala like ʻole ma nā kihi refractive like ʻole.
Pahana
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona e like me ka paheʻe ʻaila ma ke alanui ʻakika i kahi lā wela he laʻana ia o ka mirage. Hana ʻia nā mirages ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ka refractive index ma waena o ka papa ea kokoke i ke alanui a me ka papa ea ma luna ona.
I ka lā wela, hoʻomehana ka ʻili alanui i ka ea ma luna pono o ia mea, e hoʻomehana ana i ka papa ea ma luna pono o ka ʻili alanui ma mua o ka papa ea ma uka. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka leo o ka papa ea wela, e emi ai kona paʻa (haʻahaʻa ka nui). I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, emi iho ka nui o ka leo o ka papa ea wela ma luna, e ʻoi aku ai kona paʻa (kiʻekiʻe ka nui). No laila, emi ka paʻa o ka papa ea haʻahaʻa, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka papa ea luna.
Ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka mānoanoa o ka papa ea ma lalo (kokoke i ka ʻili alanui), neʻe wikiwiki ka mālamalama ke hele ia ma waena, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o ka papa ea ma luna no laila neʻe lohi ka mālamalama ke hele ia ma waena.
ʻO ke ʻano hana no ka helu kuhi huli: n = c / v, kahi ʻo n ka helu kuhi huli, c = ka wikiwiki o ka mālamalama i loko o ka hakahaka = mau = 3 x 108 m/s, v = ka wikiwiki o ka mālamalama i loko o ka waena. Ma muli o kēia haʻilula, ua paʻa ʻo c i hiki ai inā nui aʻe ʻo v a laila liʻiliʻi aʻe ʻo n a ʻo ka hope inā emi ʻo v a laila nui aʻe ʻo n.
Neʻe wikiwiki ka mālamalama ma ka papa ea haʻahaʻa (v nui) i loaʻa ai i ka papa ea haʻahaʻa kahi helu refractive liʻiliʻi (n liʻiliʻi) ʻoiai neʻe lohi ka mālamalama ma ka papa ea luna (v liʻiliʻi) i loaʻa ai i ka papa ea luna kahi helu refractive nui aʻe (n nui).
ʻO A ka pane pololei.
helu kuhikuhi refractive
6. He 510 nm ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o kahi kukuna kukui ʻike ʻia i ka lewa. Inā komo ke kukuna kukui i loko o kahi waena me ka helu kuhikuhi refractive o 1,5, e loli kona lōʻihi o ka nalu i….
A. 680 nm
B. 510 nm
C. 340 nm
D. 170 nm
Pahana
Ua ʻike ʻia:
Ka lōʻihi o ka nalu (λ) = 510 nm = 510 x 10-9 mika
ʻIneki refractive (n) = 1,5
Nīnau: Hoʻololi ka nalu (λ) i….
Pane:
Hoʻololi ka nalu (λ) i 340 nanometers.
ʻO C ka pane pololei.
7. ʻIke ʻia kahi iʻa ma lalo o kahi loko wai maopopo, ʻo ka hohonu o ka loko he 2 mika, ʻo ka helu kuhikuhi refractive o ka loko he 4/3. Inā ʻike ʻia ka iʻa kokoke i ka ʻili o ka loko, pehea ka mamao o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka iʻa mai ka ʻili o ka loko?
A. 1 mika mai ka ʻili o ka loko wai
B. 1,5 mika mai ka ʻili o ka loko wai
C. 2 mika mai ka ʻili o ka loko wai
D. 2,67 mika mai ka ʻili o ka loko wai
Pahana
Ua ʻike ʻia:
ʻIndeks refractive o ka loko = 4/3
Ka hohonu o ka loko wai = 2 mika
Nīnau: Pehea ka mamao e ʻike ʻia ai ka iʻa mai ka ʻili o ka loko?
Pane:
Ka mamao ʻike ʻia = 1 : n (mamao maoli)
Ka mamao ʻike ʻia = 1 : 4/3 (2 mika)
Ka mamao ʻike ʻia = 1 x 3/4 (2 mika)
Ka mamao ʻike ʻia = 3/4 (2 mika)
Ka mamao ʻike ʻia = 6/4
Ka mamao ʻike ʻia = 1,5 mika
ʻO ka mamao o ka iʻa i ʻike ʻia mai ka ʻili o ka loko = 1,5 mika
ʻO ka pane pololei ʻo B.
8. Hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia ke kukui ma kahi kahawai nona ka helu kuhikuhi refractive e pili ana i ke kaiapuni he….
A. > 1
B. = 1
C. < 1
D. = 0
Pahana
ʻIndeks refractive o ka vacuum = 1,0000
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka refractive index o kahi medium ma mua o ka refractive index o kahi vacuum.
ʻO A ka pane pololei.
Ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ke kukui
9. ʻO ke kihi o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana ke kihi ma waena o ʻelua mau kala o ke kukui monochromatic e kū mai ana i ka hanana o….
A. ka polarization o ke kukui
B. ka omo ʻana o ka mālamalama
C. ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ka mālamalama
D. ka diffraction o ka mālamalama
Pahana
ʻO ke kukui monochromatic ka mālamalama nona ka waihoʻoluʻu hoʻokahi a i ʻole ka nalu hoʻokahi. ʻO ke kukui keʻokeʻo, e like me ka lā, he hui pū ʻana o nā kala āpau, kēlā me kēia me ka nalu a i ʻole ka alapine (frequency) ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka wāwahi ʻana o ke kukui keʻokeʻo i loko o ka spectrum ʻike ʻia (ʻulaʻula, ʻalani, melemele, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, uliuli, indigo, a me ka poni) ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ka mālamalama.
Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ka mālamalama e nā prism, nā kulu wai, a i ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā ānuenue kahi laʻana o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ka mālamalama i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, kahi e hoʻopuehu ʻia ai ka lā e nā kulu ua.
ʻO C ka pane pololei.
10. Nā Nīnau no ka Hoʻokūkū ʻEpekema Lahui 2011 no nā Kula Kiʻekiʻe Haʻahaʻa ma ka Pae Kulanakauhale/Kaona Helu 60
ʻIke ʻia ke ānuenue e like me ka lipine kala i hoʻohālike ʻia me kahi pōʻai hapa. ʻO ke kaʻina pololei o nā kala ʻehā o ke ānuenue ma lalo nei, mai ka radius liʻiliʻi a i ka radius nui loa, ʻo ia…
A. ʻulaʻula, ʻalani, melemele, ʻōmaʻomaʻo
B. uliuli, poni, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, melemele
C. ʻōmaʻomaʻo, uliuli, ʻindigo, poni
D. ʻiʻo, uliuli, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, melemele
Pahana
ʻO ke kaʻina o nā kala o ke ānuenue he ʻulaʻula, ʻalani, melemele, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, polū, indigo a me ka poni.
ʻO ke kukui ʻulaʻula ka lōʻihi loa o ka nalu, ʻoiai ʻo ke kukui poni ka pōkole loa. ʻO ka deflection o kēlā me kēia kala o ke kukui e pili ana i kona nalu.
Ke hoʻopuehu ʻia ka lā keʻokeʻo e nā kulu ua, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻohuli ʻia ʻana o ka mālamalama me nā nalu lōʻihi, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohuli ʻia ʻana o ka mālamalama me nā nalu pōkole. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻohuli ʻia ʻana o ke kukui ʻulaʻula no ka mea ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kona nalu, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohuli ʻia ʻana o ke kukui poni no ka mea ʻoi aku ka pōkole o kona nalu, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻikuhi ma lalo nei. No laila, ʻike ka maka o ka mea nānā i ke kukui ʻulaʻula ma luna a me ke kukui poni ma lalo.
He ʻano poepoe hapa nā kala a pau o ke kukui ānuenue, kahi aia ka pōʻai kukui ʻulaʻula ma luna no laila ʻo ia ka radius nui loa, ʻoiai ʻo ka pōʻai kukui poni ma lalo no laila ʻo ia ka radius liʻiliʻi loa.
ʻO ke kaʻina o nā kala mālamalama mai ka radius nui loa a i ka radius liʻiliʻi loa he ʻulaʻula, ʻalani, melemele, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, uliuli, indigo, a me ka poni.
ʻO D ka pane pololei.
11. Loaʻa nā kala māmā mai ka papa aila ma luna o ka wai ma muli o ka hanana ...
A. ke komo ʻana
B. ka polarization
C. hoʻopuehu
D. diffraction
Pahana
ʻO C ka pane pololei.
