Nā Hana Fusion: Ke Kumu Ikehu o ka Wā E Hiki Mai Ana
ʻO nā hopena fusion nukelea kekahi o nā kahua hoihoi loa a me nā kahua kipi i ka physics hou. I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo ka hopena fusion ke kaʻina hana e hui pū ai nā nuclei atomika māmā ʻelua e hana i kahi nucleus kaumaha, me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka nui o ka ikehu. ʻOiai ua ʻike ʻia nā hopena fusion e nā kānaka ʻepekema no ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻo ka pilikia ʻenehana o ka hoʻomalu ʻana iā lākou ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu palekana a hoʻomau mau nei he pahuhopu nui ia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
Nā Kumumanaʻo Kumu o nā Hana Fusion
I loko o ka fusion nukelea, ʻelua mau nukelea atomika, ʻo ia hoʻi nā isotopes hydrogen e like me deuterium a me tritium, e kuʻi ana i nā wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe loa i lanakila ʻia ai nā mana electromagnetic e hoʻokaʻawale mau ana iā lākou. ʻO ka hopena, ua hui pū nā nukelea ʻelua e hana i kahi nukelea helium a me kahi neutron manuahi, me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka ikehu nui. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia ikehu ma muli o ke kumumanaʻo o Einstein E=mc², kahi e hoʻololi ʻia ai kekahi nuipa i nalowale i ke kaʻina hana i ikehu.
ʻO ka hopena fusion maʻamau e hoʻomohala ʻia nei no nā noi ikehu ʻo ia ka hopena ma waena o deuterium a me tritium:
²H + ³H → ⁴He + n + 17.6 MeV
Hoʻopuka kēia hopena i ka helium-4 paʻa a me nā neutrons me ka ikehu holoʻokoʻa ma kahi o 17,6 MeV (Mega electron volts).
Ka Mana Ikehu Fusion
ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi nui o ka ikehu i hana ʻia ma o nā hopena fusion ʻo ia kona nui o ka ikehu. Hiki i hoʻokahi gram o ka wahie fusion ke hana i ka like o ke puhi ʻana i kekahi mau tona o nā wahie fossil. Eia kekahi, ua nui loa nā wahie no nā hopena fusion, ʻo deuterium a me tritium. Hiki ke loaʻa ʻo Deuterium mai ka wai kai, a hiki ke hana ʻia ka tritium mai ka lithium, ka mea i nui hoʻi i loko o ka ʻili o ka Honua.
Loaʻa i ka ikehu Fusion nā pono koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe, e like me ka hana ʻole ʻana i nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i ʻole nā mea haumia ea ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole e like me nā hale hana mana wahie fossil. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole hana nā hopena fusion i nā nui o nā ʻōpala radioactive lōʻihi e like me nā reactors fission. ʻO kēia ka mea e lilo ai ka ikehu fusion i moho ikaika e hoʻokō i nā pono ikehu e ulu nei o ka honua me ka ʻole o ka hōʻino ʻana i ke kaiapuni.
Nā Pilikia ʻenehana Fusion
ʻOiai ka nui o ka hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ikehu fusion, he paʻakikī nā pilikia ʻenehana a me nā ʻenekinia e pono e lanakila ʻia. ʻO kekahi o nā pilikia nui loa, ʻo ia ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana e hiki ai i nā hopena fusion ke hoʻomau a me ka pono. Pono kēia i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe loa (nā ʻumi a hiki i nā haneli miliona o ke kekelē Celsius) e lanakila ai i ka repulsion electromagnetic ma waena o nā nuclei atomic.
No ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā mahana a me nā kaomi i koi ʻia, ʻelua mau ala nui e hoʻomohala ʻia nei: ka inertial thermonuclear fusion a me ka magnetic regulated thermonuclear fusion.
1. Inertial Fusion: Ma kēia ʻano hana, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā pellets wahie liʻiliʻi (ʻo ka maʻamau deuterium-tritium) mai nā ʻaoʻao he nui e nā lasers a i ʻole nā kukuna ion ikaika. ʻO ka hopena o nā kaomi a me nā mahana kiʻekiʻe loa e hoʻoulu ai i ka fusion nukelea. ʻOiai ua nui ka holomua, ʻo ka pono o ka ikehu o kēia kaʻina hana a me ka kaohi ʻana o ka hopena he mau pilikia ia.
2. Magnetic Fusion: Hoʻohana kēia ʻano hana i kahi kahua magnetic ikaika e hoʻopaʻa i ka plasma wela i loko o kahi mea ʻano torus e like me ka tokamak a i ʻole stellarator. Hana ke kahua magnetic e mālama i ka plasma i paʻa a ma nā mahana kiʻekiʻe e pono ai no nā hopena fusion. ʻO ka papahana ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) ma ʻEulopa kekahi o nā hana honua nui loa e kālele ana i kēia ʻano hana. Manaʻo ka ITER tokamak e hōʻike e hiki i ka fusion magnetic ke hoʻopuka i ka ikehu hou aʻe ma mua o ka mea e pono ai e hoʻoulu i ka hopena.
Ka Holomua a me nā Papahana Hou
ʻO ITER kekahi o nā papahana fusion nui loa a makemake nui loa e hana ʻia nei. Me ke kākoʻo mai nā ʻāina he 30 a ʻoi, makemake ʻo ITER e lilo i hoʻokolohua fusion mua e hiki i ka "ignition" - kahi e hoʻopuka ai kahi hopena fusion i ka ikehu ma mua o ka mea e hoʻopau ai. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hana piha ʻia ʻo ITER, ke holomua nui nei ka papahana a ke manaʻo ʻia nei e hoʻomaka i ka hana ʻana i nā hoʻokolohua hana ma waena o nā makahiki 2020.
Ma waho aʻe o ITER, ke hana nei nā papahana like ʻole a me nā ʻoihana pilikino i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ikehu fusion. No ka laʻana, ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, hoʻohana ka National Ignition Facility (NIF) ma Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory i kahi ala fusion inertial me nā lasers mana kiʻekiʻe. Pēlā nō, ma ʻEulopa, lawelawe ka Joint European Torus (JET) ma ke ʻano he hale noiʻi a me ka hoʻāʻo mua no ITER.
Ma ka ʻāpana pilikino, ke alualu nei nā ʻoihana e like me TAE Technologies, General Fusion, a me Commonwealth Fusion Systems i nā ala hou e hoʻoponopono ai i nā pilikia fusion. Ke hoʻomau nei ka ʻimi ʻia a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā ala hou, e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻonohonoho kahua magnetic hou a i ʻole nā ʻenehana ʻenekinia mea holomua.
Ka Wā E Hiki Mai Ana o ka Ikehu Fusion
ʻOkoʻa nā wānana no ka wā e lilo ai ka ikehu fusion i kumu ikehu kalepa maikaʻi. Ua ulu ka manaʻolana me nā holomua ʻenehana a me nā haʻawina i aʻo ʻia mai nā hoʻokolohua ma mua, akā nui ka poʻe e ʻōlelo nei he mau makahiki paha mākou mai ka hoʻohana kalepa.
ʻOiai nā pilikia, ʻo nā pono kupaianaha o ka ikehu fusion ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu maʻemaʻe a kokoke i ka palena ʻole e lilo ia i pahuhopu koʻikoʻi no ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana. Hōʻike nā papahana nui e like me ITER i ka hoʻokō honua i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hopena ikehu e hiki ke pani i nā wahie fossil a hoʻokō i nā pono ikehu e hiki mai ana ma ke ʻano hoʻomau.
Ma ke ʻano he ʻāina e ulu wikiwiki ana me nā pono ikehu e ulu wikiwiki ana, loaʻa iā Indonesia kahi kuleana kūpono i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana fusion. ʻO ka laulima honua a me ka hoʻopukapuka kālā i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana hiki ke hoʻomākaukau i ke ala no ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka ikehu fusion i loko o ke kahua ikehu aupuni i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
ʻAʻole wale ka ikehu Fusion he moeʻuhane, akā, he ʻimi e alakaʻi iā kākou i kahi wā e hiki mai ana, ʻoi aku ka mālamalama, a me ka hoʻomau. Me ka hana nui a me ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hana hou, hiki i nā hopena fusion ke pane i nā pono ikehu o ka honua i nā kenekulia e hiki mai ana.
