Nā Macromolecules Organic: Nā ʻElemene Koʻikoʻi o ke Ola
ʻO nā macromolecules organik kahi hui o nā molekala nui e loaʻa ana ke kalapona ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana kūkulu mua. He mau mea koʻikoʻi lākou o ke ola a he mau kuleana koʻikoʻi i nā kaʻina hana olaola like ʻole. Aia kekahi mau ʻano nui o nā macromolecules organik, me nā kalapona, nā protein, nā lipids, a me nā waikawa nucleic. Hana kēlā me kēia o kēia mau hana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke ola, mai ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu a hiki i ke code ʻana i ka ʻike genetic.
Kalapona
ʻO nā kalapona ke kumu ikehu mua no nā meaola ola. Loaʻa iā lākou nā ʻāpana monosaccharide (nā kō maʻalahi) hiki ke hui pū ʻia e hana i nā disaccharides, oligosaccharides, a me nā polysaccharides. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā monosaccharides e komo pū me ka glucose a me ka fructose, ʻoiai ʻo ka sucrose (kō papaʻaina) kahi laʻana o kahi disaccharide. ʻO nā polysaccharides, e like me ka starch, glycogen, a me ka cellulose, he ʻano mālama ikehu a i ʻole ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i loko o nā meaola.
Hana o nā Kalapona
1. Kumu Ikehu: ʻO ka Glucose, kahi monosaccharide, ʻo ia ka molekala nui i ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona, ke kaʻina hana o ka hana ʻana i ka ikehu ma ka pae kelepona.
2. Nā Mālama Ikehu: Hana ka starch i loko o nā mea kanu a me ka glycogen i loko o nā holoholona ma ke ʻano he mālama ikehu no ka wā lōʻihi.
3. ʻAno: ʻO ka Cellulose, kahi polysaccharide i haku ʻia me nā kaulahao lōʻihi o ka glucose, hāʻawi i ka ikaika a me ka pale i nā paia o nā cell mea kanu.
4. Kamaʻilio ʻana o ke Kelepona: ʻO nā glycoproteins a me nā glycolipids, aia ma ka ʻili o ke kelepona, pili lākou i ka ʻike ʻana i ke kelepona a me ke kamaʻilio ʻana ma waena o nā kelepona.
kumuʻiʻo
He mau macromolecules loli nui nā protein i kūkulu ʻia mai 20 mau waikawa amino like ʻole. Hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā hana cellular āpau ma muli o ko lākou ʻano ʻekolu-dimensional. Pili nā protein i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā hopena kemika (enzymes), ka lawe ʻana i nā molekala, nā ʻano kākoʻo, a me nā hana ʻē aʻe he nui.
Hana o ka Protein
1. Nā ʻenzyme: Nā protein e hoʻolalelale i nā hopena kemika i loko o ke kino. No ka laʻana, hoʻolalelale ka catalase i ka wāwahi ʻana o ka hydrogen peroxide i loko o ka wai a me ka oxygen.
2. ʻAno: Hāʻawi nā protein e like me ke collagen i loko o nā ʻiʻo hoʻohui a me keratin i ka lauoho a me nā kui i ke kākoʻo kino.
3. Ka halihali ʻana: ʻO ka Hemoglobin, kahi protein i loko o nā hunaola koko ʻulaʻula, e halihali i ka oxygen mai nā māmā a puni ke kino.
4. Ka Hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ka Hōʻailona: Hoʻoponopono nā hormones protein e like me ka insulin i ke kō koko, a hoʻokaʻaʻike nā mea loaʻa o ka membrane i nā hōʻailona mai waho o ke kelepona a i loko.
lipid
ʻO nā lipids kahi hui o nā macromolecules i hoʻoheheʻe ʻole ʻia i ka wai akā hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik. ʻO lākou nā ʻāpana nui o nā membrane cell a lawelawe ma ke ʻano he mālama ikehu no ka manawa lōʻihi. ʻO nā lipids i kamaʻāina loa ʻia e komo pū me nā momona, nā aila, nā phospholipids, a me nā sterols e like me ka cholesterol.
Hana o nā Lipids
1. Mālama Ikehu: Mālama ka momona i ka ikehu pālua ma mua o nā kalapona i kēlā me kēia gram.
2. ʻAno o ka Membrane: Hoʻokumu nā phospholipids i kahi bilayer ʻo ia ke kumu o nā membrane cell āpau, e mālama ana i ke kaiapuni kūloko a me waho o ke kelepona.
3. Hōʻailona a me ka Hoʻoponopono ʻana: Pili nā hormones steroid, i loaʻa mai nā lipids, i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā kaʻina hana physiological like ʻole, e like me ka testosterone a me ka estrogen i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hānau hou ʻana.
4. Ka pale ʻana a me ka pale ʻana: Hāʻawi pū ka momona i ka pale wela i nā holoholona a pale i nā ʻōpū o loko mai ka hopena.
ʻAkika Nukleika
ʻO nā waikawa nucleic, me ka DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) a me ka RNA (ribonucleic acid), he mau macromolecules e mālama a hoʻouna i ka ʻike genetic. ʻO lākou ke kumu no ka hoʻoilina o nā ʻano olaola mai kekahi hanauna a i kekahi.
Nā Hana o nā Waikawa Nucleic
1. Ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻIke Hoʻoilina: Mālama ka DNA i ka ʻike e pono ai e hana i nā protein āpau i loko o kahi meaola.
2. Hōʻike ʻana i ka Genetic: Kope ʻo RNA i ka ʻike genetic mai ka DNA a unuhi iā ia i loko o nā protein ma o nā kaʻina hana o ka transcription a me ka unuhi.
3. Hoʻoponopono Hoʻoilina: Hiki i ka RNA ke hana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoponopono o ka hana gene, e like me ka microRNA hiki ke kaohi i ka hōʻike ʻana o kekahi mau genes.
Nā pilina ma waena o nā Macromolecules
ʻAʻole hana kaʻawale nā macromolecules organik; launa pinepine lākou a hoʻohuli kekahi i kekahi i nā kaʻina hana olaola like ʻole. Eia kekahi laʻana:
– Nā Glycoproteins a me nā Glycolipids: ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā protein a i ʻole lipids me nā kalapona i loko o nā membrane cell e pāʻani i kahi kuleana i nā pilina cell-cell.
– DNA a me ka Protein: ʻO Chromatin, kahi ʻano paʻakikī ma waena o ka DNA a me nā protein histone, e hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka DNA i loko o ka nucleus cell.
– Ka Metabolism Ikehu: Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā lipids, nā kalapona, a me nā protein i ikehu ma o nā ala metabolic i hoʻopili ʻia e like me ke kaʻina hana Krebs.
Ka hopena
ʻO nā macromolecules organik he mau ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ke ola, e hiki ai ke hana i nā kaʻina hana olaola like ʻole e hiki ai i ko kākou ola ʻana, a me nā ʻano ola ʻē aʻe a pau. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hana a me ka launa pū ʻana o kēia mau macromolecules e hāʻawi iā mākou i kahi ʻike maikaʻi aʻe o ka biology a me ka hiki ke holomua i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, biotechnology, a me ka mahiʻai. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi e wehe i nā mea pohihihi hou aʻe e pili ana i kēia mau macromolecules a me ko lākou kuleana i ke ola.
