Magnetism: He Hoʻolauna Holoʻokoʻa
He hanana kūlohelohe ka Magnetism i hoihoi i nā kānaka mai ka wā kahiko. ʻO nā mea āpau mai nā panana kahiko a hiki i nā ʻenehana hou e like me MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) e pili ana i nā kumumanaʻo kumu o ka magnetism. E ʻimi kēia ʻatikala i nā kumu o ka magnetism, nā ʻano magnet, kā lākou mau kumumanaʻo hana, a me nā noi pono i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka ʻenehana.
Ka Hoʻomaopopo Kumu o ka Magnetism
ʻO ke kumu, ʻo ka magnetism ka waiwai kino o kahi mea e huki ai a pale aku paha i nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka magnetism e ke au uila a i ʻole ke alo o kahi kahua magnetic. ʻO ke kahua magnetic kahi e puni ai kahi magnet kahi e hiki ai ke ʻike ʻia kona mana.
ʻO ke kanaka ʻepekema ʻo Hans Christian Ørsted kekahi o nā kānaka ʻepekema mua i ʻike i ka pilina ma waena o ka uila a me ka magnetism i ka makahiki 1820. Ua ʻike ʻo Ørsted ʻo ke kahe ʻana o ke au uila ma o kahi uea ke kumu o ka hoʻohuli ʻana o kahi nila panana i kau ʻia ma kahi kokoke i ka uea. Ua hoʻomākaukau kēia ʻike i ke ala no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kumumanaʻo o ka electromagnetism.
Nā ʻAno o nā Makeneka
1. Nā Magnets Paʻa a me nā Magnets Manawa
– Nā Makeneka Paʻa: Mālama kēia mau makeneka i ko lākou mau waiwai makeneka ʻoiai me ka ʻole o kahi kahua makeneka waho. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau ka makeneka pā a me nā makeneka lio.
– Nā Makeneka Manawa: Hōʻike wale kēia mau makeneka i ko lākou mau waiwai makeneka ke kau ʻia i loko o kahi kahua makeneka waho. Hana pinepine ʻia lākou mai nā mea ferromagnetic e like me ka hao, kahi e nalowale ai ko lākou mau waiwai makeneka ke wehe ʻia ke kahua makeneka waho.
2. Nā Mākēneki Kūlohelohe a me nā Mākēneki Hana
– Nā Mākēneki Kūlohelohe: ʻO nā mākēneki kūlohelohe, e like me ka lodestone, he mau minelala nona nā waiwai mākēneki kūlohelohe. Loaʻa kēia mau mākēneki ma ke kūlohelohe a ua hoʻohana ʻia mai ka wā kahiko.
– Nā Mākēneki Hana ʻia: Hana ʻia nā mākēneki hana ʻia ma o kekahi mau ʻano hana, e like me ke hamo ʻana i ka hao me kahi mākēneki mau loa a i ʻole ma ke kahe ʻana i kahi au uila ma o kahi wili uea (solenoid).
3. Uila Makeneka
He ʻano magnet ka electromagnet kahi e hana ʻia ai kahi kahua magnetic e ke kahe ʻana o ke au uila. Nalowale ke kahua magnetic ke pau ke au uila. He nui nā noi o nā electromagnets, me nā mīkini uila, nā mīkini hana, a me nā mīkini scan MRI.
Pehea e hana ai nā Magnets
Hana nā makeneka ma muli o ke kumumanaʻo o ka huki a me ka hoʻokuke ʻana ma waena o nā pou makeneka. ʻElua mau pou nui o ka makeneka: kahi pou ʻākau a me kahi pou hema. Hiki ke hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā mana o ka huki a me ka hoʻokuke ʻana ma waena o kēia mau pou penei:
– E like me nā pou e hoʻokuke aku kekahi i kekahi: ʻO nā pou ʻākau me nā pou ʻākau a i ʻole nā pou hema me nā pou hema e hoʻokuke aku kekahi i kekahi.
– Hoʻowalewale nā Pola ʻē aʻe: E huki ana ka pou ʻākau a me ka pou hema kekahi i kekahi.
Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia hanana e ke kahua magnetic i hana ʻia e ka neʻe ʻana o nā electrons i loko o ka mea. Loaʻa i kēia mau electrons kahi mana magnetic kūloko e hana ai i kahi kahua magnetic.
Magnetism i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā
He nui nā noi o ka Magnetism i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā:
1. Pākuʻi
He mea hana hoʻokele maʻalahi ka panana e hana ana ma ke kumumanaʻo o ka magnetism. He magnet liʻiliʻi ka nila panana e wili manuahi ana e kuhikuhi mau ana i ka pou ʻākau magnetic o ka Honua, e kōkua ana i ka hoʻokele ʻana, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā luina a me nā mea ʻimi honua.
2. Nā Mea Hana Uila
Hoʻohana ka nui o nā mea uila, e like me nā ʻōnaehana paʻa kamepiula, i ke kumumanaʻo o ka magnetism e mālama i ka ʻikepili. Mālama ʻia ka ʻike ma ke ʻano o nā bits, i hōʻike ʻia e nā kahua magnetic liʻiliʻi ma ka disk.
3. Nā Motika Uila a me nā Mea Hana Hana
Hoʻohana nā motika uila i nā electromagnets e hoʻololi i ka ikehu uila i ka ikehu mechanical. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hoʻohana nā mīkini hana i nā kahua magnetic e hoʻololi i ka ikehu mechanical i ka ikehu uila. He mea nui nā mea ʻelua i ke ola hou no nā hana home a me nā ʻoihana.
Nā Hoʻohana o ka ʻenehana Magnetic
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko Magnetism i loko o kekahi mau ʻenehana holomua:
1. Kiʻi Hoʻohālikelike Magnetika (MRI)
He ʻenehana kiʻi lapaʻau ʻaʻole invasive ka MRI e hoʻohana ana i kahi kahua magnetic ikaika a me nā nalu lekiō e hana i nā kiʻi kikoʻī o nā ʻōpū o loko. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia ʻenehana i ka hōʻoia olakino no ka mea hiki iā ia ke hana i nā kiʻi hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻole o ka pono no ke ʻoki ʻana.
2. Ka Halihali Kaʻaahi Maglev
ʻO Maglev, pōkole no "magnetic levitation," he ʻenehana halihali kahi e lele ai nā kaʻaahi ma luna o nā alahao me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā magnet ikaika, e hōʻemi ana i ka friction a hiki iā lākou ke holo i nā wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe loa. Ke hana nei nā kaʻaahi Maglev ma kekahi mau ʻāina, me Iapana a me Kina.
3. Ka Mālama ʻIkehu
Hoʻohana ʻia nā makeneka i nā mea mālama ikehu e like me nā flywheels a me nā pila magnetoelectric. Hoʻohana nā flywheels i ka momentum o nā kahua magnetic e mālama i ka ikehu kinetic, ʻoiai nā pila magnetoelectric e hoʻohana i nā kumumanaʻo o ka magnetism e hoʻonui i ka hiki ke mālama ikehu.
Magnetism ma ka Noiʻi a me ka Hoʻomohala ʻana
Ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi ʻana ma ke kahua o ka magnetism, e hoʻomākaukau ana i ke ala no nā hana hou a me nā noi. ʻO kekahi mau kumuhana noiʻi o kēia manawa:
1. Mea Makeneka Hou
Ke hoʻomau nei nā kānaka noiʻi i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea makeneka hou, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka launa pū me ke kaiapuni. Ke kālele nei kekahi mau noiʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea metala honua kakaʻikahi me nā waiwai makeneka kiʻekiʻe.
2. Spintronics
He kahua noiʻi ʻo Spintronics e aʻo ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka milo uila, me kona hoʻouka uila, no nā mea hoʻomanaʻo a me nā mea logic. Hiki i kēia ʻenehana ke alakaʻi i nā kamepiula wikiwiki a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
3. Magnetocaloric
ʻO ka hopena magnetocaloric kahi hanana kahi e wela ai a hoʻomaʻalili paha kahi mea i ka pane ʻana i kahi kahua magnetic e loli nei. Hiki i kēia ke loaʻa nā noi kūpono i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻalili aloha kaiapuni.
Ka hopena
He mea nui ka Magnetism me nā ʻano hana like ʻole, mai ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a i ka ʻenehana holomua. ʻO ko mākou ʻike ulu ʻana o ka magnetism ua hiki ai i nā hana hou e hoʻopilikia i aneane i nā ʻano āpau o ke ola hou. Mai nā compasses mua a i nā MRI paʻakikī, ke hoʻomau nei ka magnetism i ka hōʻoia ʻana he kahua koʻikoʻi i ka physics a me ka ʻenehana. I ka holomua ʻana o ka noiʻi, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo e puka mai nā noi kipi hou aʻe mai kahi ʻike hohonu o ka magnetism.
