Electrochemistry: Nā Kumu a me nā Hoʻohana i ke Ola Hou
Pendahuluan
He lālā kemika ʻo Electrochemistry e aʻo ana i ka pilina ma waena o nā hopena kemika a me ke au uila. ʻO ke kumu nui o kēia kahua ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ikehu kemika i ikehu uila, a ʻo ka hope. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko Electrochemistry i nā ʻano he nui o ke ola hou, mai nā pila a me nā cell wahie a hiki i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka metala a me ka electrosynthesis o nā kemika. E nānā hou kēia ʻatikala i nā kumu o ka electrochemistry, kāna mau loina hana, a me kāna mau noi koʻikoʻi e hoʻololi nei i ke ʻano o ko kākou noho ʻana a me ka hana ʻana.
Nā Kumu o ka Electrochemistry
Ka Hana Redox
Pili loa ka electrochemistry i nā hopena oxidation-reduction (redox). I loko o kēia mau hopena, hoʻoili ʻia nā electrons mai kekahi ʻano i kekahi. ʻO ka ʻano e nalowale ana nā electrons ua ʻōlelo ʻia he oxidized, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻano e loaʻa ana nā electrons ua ʻōlelo ʻia he reduced. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia hopena redox ʻelua mau hopena hapalua: kahi hopena hapalua oxidation a me kahi hopena hapalua reduction.
Ka Mana o ka ʻElekoda
Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia hapalua-reaksi kahi hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ke electrode, a i ʻole voltage, e ana i ke ʻano o kahi ʻano e oxidized a hoʻemi ʻia paha. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ke electrode maʻamau e pili ana i ka electrode hydrogen maʻamau (SHE), i wehewehe ʻia he hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ke ʻano o 0 volts.
Ke Kānāwai o Faraday
Hoʻomalu ʻia ka electrochemistry e nā kānāwai o Faraday, e hōʻike ana i ka pilina quantitative ma waena o ka nui o ka uila i hoʻohana ʻia a me ka nui o kahi mea i hoʻemi ʻia a i ʻole i oxidized ʻia. ʻŌlelo ke kānāwai mua o Faraday ʻo ka nui o kahi mea i waiho ʻia a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia paha ma kahi electrode e pili ana i ka nui o ka uku uila i hala ma o ka hopena. ʻŌlelo ke kānāwai ʻelua o Faraday no ka nui like, ʻokoʻa ka nui o ka waiho ʻana o kahi mea ma muli o ka helu o nā electrons i komo i ka hopena redox o kēlā me kēia mea.
Nā Kelepona Galvanic a me nā Kelepona Electrolytic
ʻO ka electrochemistry e pili ana i ʻelua ʻano nui o nā cell uila: nā cell galvanic a me nā cell electrolytic. Hoʻololi nā cell galvanic i ka ikehu kemika i ikehu uila, e like me ka mea i loaʻa i loko o nā pila. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, hoʻohana nā cell electrolytic i ka ikehu uila e hoʻokele i nā hopena kemika ʻole-spontaneous, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe metala a me ka electrosynthesis.
Nā Noi Electrochemical
Nā Pākahi a me nā Accumulators
ʻO nā pila ka laʻana maʻamau o kahi noi electrochemical. Hana nā pila ma ke kumumanaʻo o kahi cell galvanic, kahi e hoʻopuka ai kahi hopena redox spontaneous i ka ikehu uila. Aia nā ʻano pila like ʻole, me nā pila lead-acid (accumulators), nā pila lithium-ion, a me nā pila alkaline. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻano kona mau pono a me nā hemahema, a me nā noi kikoʻī. ʻO nā pila Lithium-ion, no ka laʻana, hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā mea uila lawe lima e like me nā kelepona paʻalima a me nā kamepiula lawe lima ma muli o ko lākou nui o ka ikehu a me ka hoʻouka hou maikaʻi loa.
Kelepona Wahie
ʻO kahi cell wahie kahi mea hana e hoʻololi i ka ikehu kemika o kahi wahie (ʻo ka hydrogen maʻamau) i uila ma o kahi hopena electrochemical me ka oxygen. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā cell wahie ma mua o nā hale hana mana maʻamau a hoʻopuka i nā hoʻokuʻu haʻahaʻa. Ke hoʻohana nui ʻia nei nā cell wahie i nā kaʻa uila a ma ke ʻano he kumu mana ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ke kaiapuni.
ʻElektrika
ʻO ka electrolysis ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke au uila e hoʻoulu ai i kahi hopena kemika ʻaʻole kū koke. ʻO kekahi noi ma ka ʻoihana hoʻomaʻemaʻe metala, e like me ka hana ʻana o ka alumini mai ka bauxite ore. Hoʻohana ʻia ka electrolysis e hana i ka chlorine a me ka sodium hydroxide mai ka hopena sodium chloride, a me ka hana ʻana i ka hydrogen mai ka wai.
Ka Palekana ʻAi a me ka Cathodic
ʻO kekahi o nā pilikia nui i ka ʻenekinia a me ke kūkulu ʻana, ʻo ia ka palaho, ʻo ia ke kaʻina hana o ka hōʻino ʻana o nā mea ma muli o nā hopena electrochemical me kona kaiapuni. Hiki i ka palaho ke hana i ka pōʻino nui o ke kūkulu ʻana a me nā pohō waiwai. ʻO ka pale Cathodic kahi ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia e pale aku i ka palaho, kahi e hoʻopili ʻia ai kahi au uila e pale aku i nā hopena redox e hoʻoulu ai i ka palaho. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia ʻano hana e pale i nā pipelines, nā pahu wai, a me nā hale ma lalo o ka wai.
Mea ʻike uila
Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea ʻike electrochemical e ʻike a ana i ke ʻano kikoʻī o kahi mea i loko o kahi hopena. ʻO nā glucometers, i hoʻohana ʻia e ka poʻe maʻi diabetes e nānā i nā pae kō koko, he laʻana ia o kahi noi sensor electrochemical. Hana kēia mau mea ʻike ma muli o nā loli o ke au uila i hana ʻia e ka hopena redox ma waena o ka glucose a me kahi reagent ma ka electrode sensor.
Ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻōpala
He kuleana koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ka ʻenehana electrochemical i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai a me ka wai ʻino. ʻO ka electrocoagulation, no ka laʻana, he ʻano hana ia e hoʻohana ai i ke au uila e hoʻoheheʻe i nā mea haumia mai ka wai ʻino. He ʻano hana kūpono ia no ka wehe ʻana i nā metala kaumaha, nā mea olaola, a me nā microorganism mai ka wai.
Ka Mālama ʻIkehu
Me ka ulu ʻana o ka nānā ʻana i ka ikehu hou, ua lilo ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu i wahi koʻikoʻi o ka noiʻi. ʻO nā pila kahe Redox kahi ʻano pila e mālama i ka ikehu i loko o ʻelua mau hopena electrolyte kaʻawale, e ʻae ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu nui aʻe. He kūpono kēia ʻenehana no ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu mai nā kumu hou e like me ka mana o ka lā a me ka makani.
Nā Hoʻomohala Hou Loa
Ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi ʻana i ka electrochemistry i ka holomua wikiwiki, me nā ʻike hou e hāʻawi ana i ka hiki ke hana hou. ʻO kahi wahi hana nui ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pila palekana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, a ʻoi aku ka launa pū me ke kaiapuni. Ke hana ʻia nei ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea cathode hou, nā electrolytes paʻa, a me nā ʻenehana hoʻopili modular.
ʻO kekahi kahua e kū mai ana, ʻo ia ka noiʻi ʻana i ka nanoelectrochemistry, kahi e hoʻoponopono ʻia ai nā hopena electrochemical ma ka pae nanometer. Wehe kēia i ka hiki hou no nā sensor, nā mea uila miniaturized, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
Ka hopena
ʻO ka Electrochemistry, me kāna mau loina kumu a me nā noi ākea, ua hoʻokani i kahi kuleana nui i ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka holomua ʻenehana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ko mākou ʻano ola. Mai nā pila e hoʻoikaika ana i kā mākou mau mea uila a hiki i nā cell wahie e hoʻohiki ana i kahi wā e hiki mai ana o ka ikehu maʻemaʻe, a mai nā ʻenehana mālama wai a hiki i ka pale ʻana i nā hale mai ka palaho, hoʻopilikia ka electrochemistry i nā ʻano he nui o ko mākou ola. Ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi a me ka hana hou i ka holomua, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo i nā holomua hou aʻe e hoʻohana ana i ka hiki o ka electrochemistry e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia honua e hiki mai ana.
