Pehea e hana ai i nā Colloids
Wehewehena o ke Koloid
He hui like ʻole ka colloid kahi i hoʻopuehu ʻia ai kekahi mea i loko o kekahi mea ʻē aʻe ma ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa. ʻO ka nui o nā ʻāpana i loko o nā colloids ma waena o 1 a me 1000 nanometers, no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana me ka maka ʻōlohelohe akā hiki ke ʻike ʻia me kahi microscope electron. He ʻano kū hoʻokahi ko nā colloids no ka mea ʻaʻole e noho nā ʻāpana i hoʻopuehu ʻia a noho like i ka hoʻolaha ʻana ma o ka medium dispersing. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia hanana e ka neʻe ʻana o Brownian, kahi e hoʻomau ai nā ʻāpana colloidal i ka neʻe ʻana ma muli o nā kuʻi ʻana me nā molekala o ka medium i hoʻopuehu ʻia ai lākou.
Nā ʻano Colloids
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā colloids ma muli o ka pae hoʻopuehu a me ka medium hoʻopuehu. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano colloids maʻamau:
1. Lā: Nā ʻāpana paʻa i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o kahi wai. Nā laʻana: pena, ʻīnika.
2. Emulsion: He hui ʻana o ʻelua mau wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻole ʻia kekahi i kekahi. Nā laʻana: waiū, mayonnaise.
3. Aerosol: Nā ʻāpana paʻa a wai paha i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o ke kinoea. Nā laʻana: noe, uahi.
4. Gel: He ʻōnaehana colloidal nona kahi ʻano like me ka ʻupena/lattice ma muli o ka pilina o nā ʻāpana paʻa i loko o kahi wai. Nā laʻana: jelly, agar-agar.
5. Huʻa: Kinoea i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o kahi wai a mea paʻa paha. Nā laʻana: nā huʻa kopa, ka kirīmi kahi.
Ke ʻano hana Colloid
Hiki ke hana ʻia nā colloids me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻelua mau ʻano nui, ʻo ia ke ʻano hoʻopuehu a me ke ʻano condensation.
ʻAno Hoʻopuehu
ʻO ke ʻano hoʻopuehu he hana ia e kuʻi ʻia ai nā ʻāpana nui i loko o nā ʻāpana colloidal. Eia kekahi mau ala e hana ai i nā colloids me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hoʻopuehu:
1. Hoʻohuihui
ʻO ka homogenization kahi hana mīkini kahi e kuʻi ʻia ai nā ʻāpana nui i loko o nā mea liʻiliʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mana mechanical e like me ka friction a i ʻole ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia kaʻina hana i ka ʻoihana meaʻai e hana i nā huahana e like me ka waiū homogenized a i ʻole nā mea ʻono.
2. Hoʻopili ʻia
ʻO ka peptization ke kaʻina hana o ka wāwahi ʻana i nā ʻāpana nui i nā ʻāpana colloidal me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea peptizing. Kōkua kēia mea peptizing i ka wāwahi ʻana i nā ʻāpana nui i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o kahi medium. No ka laʻana, ka lepo i loko o ka wai me ke kōkua o kekahi mau electrolytes.
3. Hoʻohana ʻana i ka Ultrasonication
Hoʻohana kēia ʻano hana i nā nalu ultrasonic e wāwahi i nā ʻāpana nui i nā ʻāpana colloidal. Hoʻouna nā nalu ultrasonic i ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe i nā ʻāpana, e hoʻoulu ana iā lākou e wāwahi i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi.
ʻAno Hoʻohuihui
ʻO ke ʻano hoʻohuihui kahi hana e hui pū ai nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi (condensate) e hana i nā ʻāpana colloidal. Loaʻa i kēia ʻano hana kekahi mau ʻano hana, me:
1. Nā Hana Kemika
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā hopena kemika e hana i nā ʻāpana colloidal mai nā molekala liʻiliʻi. ʻO kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o nā hopena kemika i hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ia ka hydrolysis, ka oxidation-reduction, a me ka precipitation. Eia kekahi laʻana:
– Hydrolysis: ʻO FeCl3 i ka wā i hoʻohui ʻia ai i ka wai e hana ai i ka hydrolysis e hana i ka colloidal Fe(OH)3.
– ʻOkika ʻana: Hoʻokika ʻia ke kinoea H2S e ke kinoea SO2 e hana i ka sulfur colloidal.
– Hoʻemi ʻana: Hoʻololi ʻia ka hopena AgNO3 i kālā colloidal ma ka hoʻemi ʻana me NaBH4.
2. Hoʻololi i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe
ʻO kēia ʻano hana e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kahi e hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi ʻia ai ka solute ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana colloidal. Hiki i nā loli i ka polarity solvent a i ʻole ka mahana ke hoʻoulu i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā ʻāpana colloidal.
3. Ke ʻAno Hana Sol-Gel
ʻO ke ʻano sol-gel kahi ʻenehana e pili ana i kahi sol (pae wai) a laila e hana i kahi pūnaewele paʻa a gel paha. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia kaʻina hana i ka hana ʻana i nā mea keramika a me ka silica gel.
Nā Laʻana o ka Hana ʻana o Colloid
Eia nā ʻanuʻu i ka hana ʻana i nā colloids me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana i luna.
Ka Hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka Iron(III) Hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) Sol
1. E hoʻomākaukau i kahi hopena o FeCl3 a me ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o kahi ipu.
2. E hoʻohui mālie i ka hopena FeCl3 i loko o ka wai me ka hoʻowali mau ʻana.
3. E hana ʻia ka hydrolysis o FeCl3 e hana i ka Fe(OH)3 ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana colloidal ʻulaʻula ʻeleʻele:
\[
FeCl_3 + 3H_2O → Fe(OH)_3 + 3HCl
\]
4. E hoʻomau i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka hui ʻana a hiki i ka wā e like ai a hana i nā ʻāpana colloidal paʻa.
Ke hana ʻana i ka Colloidal Sulfur
1. E hoʻomākaukau i ʻelua mau hopena: hoʻokahi hopena sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) a me hoʻokahi hopena hydrochloric acid (HCl) i loko o nā kīʻaha like ʻole.
2. E hoʻohui i nā hopena sodium thiosulfate a me HCl i loko o kahi ipu hoʻihoʻi:
\[
Na_2S_2O_3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + SO_2 + S + H_2O
\]
3. Hoʻopuka kēia hopena i ka sulfur (S) ma ke ʻano he colloid i loko o kahi wai.
Ke hana ʻana i ke kālā Colloidal (Ag)
1. E hoʻomākaukau i kahi hopena o AgNO3 a me kahi mea hoʻemi e like me NaBH4.
2. E hoʻohui i nā hopena AgNO3 a me NaBH4 i loko o ka ʻōmole hopena me ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana:
\[
AgNO_3 + NaBH_4 → Ag (colloid) + NaNO_3 + H_2
\]
3. E hana kēia hui ʻana i ke kālā colloidal melemele a hina paha.
Ke hana ʻana i ka Emulsion Waiū-Soda
1. E hoʻomākaukau i ka waiū wai a me ka soda (mea inu fizzy).
2. E kāwili i ka waiū a me ka soda i loko o kahi kīʻaha aniani a ʻōmole paha ma ka lakio i makemake ʻia.
3. E lūlū ikaika i ka hui ʻana a hiki i ka hana ʻana o kahi emulsion laumania. ʻO ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka huʻa e hōʻike ana i ke alo o kahi emulsion.
Nā Kumu Paʻa Colloidal
Hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ke kūpaʻa colloid e ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻāpana colloid a me ka medium dispersing, nā kumu penei:
– Uku Uila
Loaʻa i nā ʻāpana colloidal ka uku uila like, e hopena ana i ka hoʻokuke ʻana ma waena o nā ʻāpana. Kōkua kēia i ka pale ʻana i nā ʻāpana colloidal mai ka hui pū ʻana (coagulation).
– Mea pale Colloidal
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea pale colloidal, ʻo ia nā mea e hiki ke uhi i nā ʻāpana colloidal e hoʻopaʻa iā lākou a pale iā lākou mai ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana. ʻO nā laʻana e komo pū me ka gelatin, PVA, a me nā mea pale ʻē aʻe.
– Neʻe ʻana o Brownian
ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana colloidal i hana ʻia e nā kuʻi ʻana ma waena o nā molekala o ka mea hoʻopuehu. Kōkua kēia neʻe ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻāpana colloidal i hoʻolaha like ʻia.
– Hoʻopili ʻana o ka Ion
Hiki i nā ʻāpana colloidal ke omo i nā ion mai ka medium dispersing, e hoʻonui ana i ke kūpaʻa colloidal ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka uku ʻili.
Nā noi Colloid
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā colloids ma nā ʻoihana like ʻole a me nā noi o kēlā me kēia lā, e like me:
- Meaʻai a me ka Mea Inu
Hoʻohana ʻia nā colloids i nā huahana meaʻai a me nā mea inu like ʻole e like me ka ice cream, nā mea ʻono, nā wai huaʻai, a me nā huahana waiū.
– Hale kūʻai lāʻau lapaʻau
ʻO nā hoʻomākaukau lāʻau lapaʻau e like me nā kirīmi, nā ʻaila, a me nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana he mau ʻano colloidal e kōkua ai i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana a me ka omo ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
– Nā mea hoʻonani
ʻO nā huahana hoʻonani e like me nā lotions, creams, a me nā shampoos he mau colloidal dispersions e hāʻawi ana i ke ʻano i makemake ʻia.
– ʻOihana Pena a me ka ʻInika
Hoʻohana ʻia nā colloids i ka hana ʻana i nā pena a me nā ʻīnika e loaʻa ai ka hoʻopuehu kala maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa o ka huahana.
– Ka Hoʻōla Wai
Hoʻohana ke kaʻina hana coagulation a me flocculation i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai i ke kumumanaʻo colloid e hoʻoheheʻe i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i loko o ka wai.
Me ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i ke kaʻina hana a me nā ʻano o nā colloids, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaikaʻi i kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole. Pono ka hana ʻana o Colloid i nā ʻenehana pololei a me ka kaohi e hana i nā huahana colloidal paʻa a kiʻekiʻe.
